Soil charcoal analysis was performed on soil profiles excavated in the area of Cecita Lake on the Sila Massif (Calabria, southern Italy). Charcoals identification, combined with a good number of ...radiocarbon dating and the pedological analysis of the soils, allowed drawing a detailed history of the Holocene vegetation changes in the area. Five periods characterised by high concentration of radiocarbon dates – mirroring increased fire activity – are documented at ca. 10400-9000 BP, 8200-7200 BP, 5100-3700 BP, 3300-2400 BP and 600 BP to the present. Furthermore, a severe environmental change took place between the Middle Bronze Age and the Final Bronze Age/Iron Age (ca. 3600 to 3000 BP), when the mixed deciduous oak-silver fir woodland, which dominated the landscape until the Early Bronze Age, declined and was substituted by a Calabrian pine forest or by an open landscape. Available climate, pollen and historical/archaeological data are taken into account to investigate the possible causes of the detected environmental change and of the periods of increased fire activity. If climate seems to play a role in the fire regime during the first part of the Holocene, human action seems to be the triggering factor in the environmental change and the fire regime during the Late Holocene.
Study purpose. This study aimed to examine the wall and pair models: (1) the difference in the effect of wall and pair exercises on Sepak sila (2) the difference between the high and low balance on ...Sepak sila (3) the interaction of wall and pair models with a high and low balance on Sepak sila skills.
Materials and methods. The method used in this research was a 2x2 factorial experiment. The research participants included 24 male students who took extracurricular sepak takraw aged 14-15 years with a height of 153-170± centimeters and a weight of 50-60 kilograms. The instruments used in this study were modified bass test balance instruments and Sepak sila instruments. Data collection techniques consisted of observation and tests. The data obtained were analyzed using a two-way Anova with the help of SPSS 20.
Results. (1) There was a significant difference in effect between the wall and pair training models on Sepak sila skills with F 19.698 and sig. 0.000 <0.05. Based on the findings, the paired model was found to be better with an average of 46.17 compared to the model on the wall which obtained an average of 41.50. (2) It was found that there was a significant difference in effect between the high and low balance on Sepak sila skills where high balance was better with an average of 46.33 compared to low balance with an average of 41.33. (3) It was found that there was a significant interaction between the wall-mounted and paired exercise models with a high and low balance on Sepak sila skills with F 130.251 and sig. 0.000<0.05.
Conclusions. In conclusion, the paired exercise model is better than the wall exercise model. As a result, it is advised to use a paired model to strengthen the fundamental technical skills of Sepak sila.
Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi da li ispoljavanje maksimalne izometrijske mišićne sile pri određenom uglu u zglobu koljena (80°, 110° i 140°) može služiti kao prediktor 1 RM-a kod kretnog ...zadatka čučanj (squat). Istraživanje je sprovedeno na grupi od dvadeset i četiri studenta (N=24), muškog pola u okviru 2 odvojene sesije sa po 7 dana odmora između svake. Antropometrijska mjerenja i procjena mišićne sile, odnosno 1 RM-a izvršeno je metodom repetitivnih maksimuma do otkaza na Smit mašini u okviru prve sesije. Maksimalna izometrijska sila (Fmax) muskulature nogu mjerena je testom uzastopnih maksimalnih kontrakcija u laboratorijskim uslovima na smit mašini uz pomoć sonde dinamometra i softwerskog sistema Globus Ergo Tesys System 1000. Analizom rezultata dobijenih na osnovu linearne regresije, autori zaključuju da sa preciznošću od 84,5% možemo izvršiti procjenu 1RM-a u vježbi čučanj na osnovu maksimalne izometrijske sila ispoljene pri uglu u zglobu koljena od 140°. Rezutati dobijeni ovim isztraživanjem mogu poslužiti aplikativno u praksi prilikom procjene 1 RM-a na osnovu mjerenja maksimalne izometrijske sile za dati kretni zadatak.
Istraživanje je provedeno sa ciljem procjenjivanja efekata programa aerobnih vježbi na tjelesni sastav žena sa prekomjernom tjelesnom težinom u dobi od 22 do 27 godina. Uzorak od 30 žena sa ...prekomjernom težinom u dobi od 22 do 27 godina iz okruga Tonsa (Pandžab), Pakistan bio je uključen u istraživanje. Program vježbanja od četiri sedmice pripremljen je i proveden sa ispitanicama eksperimentalne grupe. Eksperimentalna grupa je podvrgnuta mjerenju antropometrijskih, kao i mjerenja kožnih nabora (3 nabora). Podaci izmjereni prije i poslije programa (kod kontrolne i eksperimentalne grupe) su pažljivo zabilježeni kao baza podataka. Za dobijanje valjanih zaključaka korištene su deskriptivna (srednja i standardna devijacija) i inferencijalna statistika (nezavisni uzorak t-test i upareni uzorak t-test).Analizom podataka utvrđeno je da je srednja ocjena (EG) prije i poslije programa iznosila 28,66 i 23,5. T-vrijednost tabele je 5,022, a statistička značajnost 0,001 - što je niže od nivoa značajnosti (P <0,05), pa se zaključuje da je razlika između prije i poslije pokazala značajne efekte aerobnih vježbi na postotak tjelesne masti kod ispitanica kontrolne grupe. Prema analiziranim podacima, srednja vrijednost post-testova u pogledu postotka tjelesne masti kontrolne grupe iznosila je 28,89, a eksperimentalne grupe 23,5. Statistička značajnost 0,002 i vrijednost t -987 u tabeli prikazuju značajnu statističku razliku indeksa tjelesne mase (P <0,05) kod ispitanica kontrolne i eksperimentalne grupe. Dobijeni rezultati su ukazali na to da su aerobne aktivnosti tokom četiri sedmice vježbanja imale značajan efekat na ispitanice sa prekomjernom težinom u smislu smanjenja postotka njihove tjelesne masti. Na osnovu dobjenih rezultata, preporučuje se da se žene sve više uključuju u fizičke aktivnosti i vježbanje.
Mating signals have evolved to attract target receivers, even to the point of exploiting receivers through perceptual manipulation. Signals, however, can also expose signalers to nontarget receivers, ...including predators and parasites, and thus have also evolved to decrease enemy attraction. Here we show that male tree frogs (Smilisca sila) reduce their attractiveness to eavesdropping enemies (bats and midges) by overlapping their calls at near-perfect synchrony with the calls of neighboring conspecifics. By producing calls that closely follow those of other males, synchronizing S. sila take advantage of an auditory illusion where enemies are more attracted to the leading call. Female S. sila, however, are less susceptible to this illusion. Thus, synchronization among signaling males can result in acoustic crypsis from predators without affecting female attraction. Given the widespread use of conspicuous mating signals and eavesdropping enemies, perceptual exploitation of eavesdroppers is likely a common driver of signal evolution.
Recently heavier Group 14 enolates showed their importance and applicability in a broad range of chemical transformations. They were found to be key intermediates during the synthesis of ...photoinitiators, as well as during the formation of complex silicon frameworks. This Minireview presents general strategies towards the synthesis of heavier Group 14 enolates (HG 14 enolates). Structural properties, as well as their spectroscopic behavior are outlined. This study may aid future development in this research area.
Heavy duty: This minireview presents a summary of synthetic protocols towards the formation of heavier metal enolates. Furthermore, the spectroscopic behavior and the structural data for HG 14 enolates were summarized. In addition, it outlines the recent advances in this research field.
Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi da li ispoljavanje maksimalne izometrijske mišićne sile pri određenom uglu u zglobu (80°, 110° i 140°) može služiti kao prediktor 1 RM-a kod kretnog zadatka ...nožni potisak(leg press).Istraživanje je sprovedeno na grupi od dvadeset i četiri studenta (N=24), muškog pola u okviru 2 odvojene sesije sa po 7 dana odmora između svake. Antropometrijska mjerenja i procjena mišićne sile, odnosno 1 RM-a izvršeno je metodom repetitivnih maksimuma do otkaza na trenažeru za nožni potisak (leg press, V-Gym Hrvatska) u okviru prve sesije. Maksimalna izometrijska sila (Fmax) muskulature nogu mjerena je testom uzastopnih maksimalnih kontrakcija u laboratorijskim uslovima na trenažeru nožni potisak uz pomoćsonde dinamometra i softwerskog sistema Globus Ergo Tesys System 1000. Analizom rezultata dobijenih na osnovu linearne regresije, autori zaključuju da sa preciznošću od 84,5% možemo izvršiti procjenu 1RM-a u vježbi nožni potisak na osnovu maksimalne izometrijske sila ispoljene pri uglu u zglobu koljena od 140°. Rezutati dobijeni ovim isztraživanjem mogu poslužiti aplikativno u praksi prilikom procjene 1 RM-a na osnovu mjerenja maksimalne izometrijske sile za dati kretni zadatak.
Appian’s Mithridatheios contains a considerable number of formal speeches, to which others found by the author in his sources could have been added, but he chose not to develop them. Most of these ...passages relate to the First Mithridatic War, in line with the prominence that Appian attributes to Sulla in the crisis of the Roman Republic. While the Roman general delivers the longest speeches in this work, Mithridates has only three, which also appear notably abbreviated. Very possibly, Pompeius Trogus’ historical work was the source for the main rhetorical passages.
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