Discussion of future directions of silicon readout integrated circuits Garcia-Sciveres, Maurice
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
July 2024, 2024-07-00, 2024-07-01, Letnik:
1064, Številka:
C
Journal Article
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A talk on “Future Directions and Challenges of ASICs”, referring to Application Specific Integrated Circuits for silicon detector readout, was presented by the author at the 13th International ...“Hiroshima” Symposium on the Development and Application of Semiconductor Tracking Detectors. This note summarized the main points of the presentation and elaborates on discussion points. For detailed overviews of the state of ASICs the reader is referred to recent review articles.
LGAD detectors on 300μm thick high resistivity p-type substrates were proposed for the first time by IMB-CNM-CSIC. They are customized Avalanche Photodiodes (APD) to obtain a high electric field ...region confined close to the reversed junction. Therefore, only electrons generated by an incident particle passing through the detector and drifting to the n+ contact, start the impact ionization process. Thus, the collected charge is multiplied. The basic difference between APDs and LGADs is the gain. LGADs have a moderate gain in order to avoid the inherent problems due to high multiplication: cross talk and high noise. In that way, the detector signal can be kept high without increasing the noise.
These devices have been successfully fabricated and extensively characterized, before and after irradiation. Unfortunately, neutron and proton radiation cause the degradation of the gain and the creation of bulk traps, degrading the timing resolution. One way to reduce the radiation induced degradation is to minimize the substrate thickness, thus improving the timing resolution of LGAD detectors.
Two technology approaches have been contemplated: the use of SOI (Silicon on insulator) substrates and Silicon to Silicon bonding substrates, both with a very thin active silicon layer of 50μm. As a consequence, drifting distances of generated electrons and holes are significantly reduced, resulting in a decrease in the number of electrons and holes trapped by radiation induced bulk defects.
A new family of thin detectors, produced in 2×2 arrays prototypes, for the ATLAS experiment High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) is proposed. These detectors are suitable for timing applications with time resolution in the range of 30 ps at 20 °C. Optimization of the LGAD structures for the HGTD experiment and the detector experimental performances are presented and discussed.
CARME — The CRYRING Array for Reaction MEasurements Bruno, C.G.; Marsh, J.J.; Davinson, T. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
March 2023, 2023-03-00, Letnik:
1048
Journal Article
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The low-energy CRYRING@ESR storage ring, recently commissioned at GSI@FAIR (Germany), is a world-unique facility able to decelerate and store beams produced in-flight to energies E≤10 MeV/u. ...CRYRING@ESR offers the unique opportunity to exploit high quality, pure, radioactive beams of species difficult to produce via the ISOL method for reaction studies directly at energies of astrophysical interest. The use of thin, pure, windowless in-ring targets combined with the re-circulating beam also presents significant advantages in terms of background and luminosity. This paper describes a new modular nuclear and atomic physics detection array, CARME (CRYRING Array for Reaction MEasurements), specifically designed to allow these investigations to be carried out for the first time in the Extreme High Vacuum (XHV) environment of the CRYRING@ESR. CARME mounts a high granularity silicon strip detector system adapted for XHV conditions, and will be used for high resolution direct and indirect charged particle reaction studies.
This paper introduces a new concept of silicon radiation detector with intrinsic multiplication of the charge, called Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD). These new devices are based on the standard ...Avalanche Photo Diodes (APD) normally used for optical and X-ray detection applications. The main differences to standard APD detectors are the low gain requested to detect high energy charged particles, and the possibility to have fine segmentation pitches: this allows fabrication of microstrip or pixel devices which do not suffer from the limitations normally found 1 in avalanche detectors. In addition, a moderate multiplication value will allow the fabrication of thinner devices with the same output signal of standard thick substrates.
The investigation of these detectors provides important indications on the ability of such modified electrode geometry to control and optimize the charge multiplication effect, in order to fully recover the collection efficiency of heavily irradiated silicon detectors, at reasonable bias voltage, compatible with the voltage feed limitation of the CERN High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) experiments 2. For instance, the inner most pixel detector layers of the ATLAS tracker will be exposed to fluences up to 2×10161MeVneq/cm2, while for the inner strip detector region fluences of 1×1015neq/cm2 are expected.
The gain implemented in the non-irradiated devices must retain some effect also after irradiation, with a higher multiplication factor with respect to standard structures, in order to be used in harsh environments such those expected at collider experiments.
The ChipIr beamline at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK) is an atmospheric-like neutron facility for Single Event Effect testing in Europe. ChipIr's design allows the extraction of fast ...neutrons from a target station of a spallation source, using an 800 MeV proton beam on tungsten target. The facility's architecture includes a set of filters and collimators, allowing a range of possible configurations and capabilities. A primary measurement method using activation foils identifies the neutron flux and broad energy spectrum. Silicon detectors are used as an active method that allows for the measurement of beam profiles. Results demonstrated that ChipIr provides a neutron spectrum that closely mimics the atmospheric neutron environment, confirming its significance for industry testing in safety-critical electronics.
The study of heavy-ion reactions in the Fermi energy regime requires detection systems covering a high portion of the solid angle and using several identification techniques. Silicon detectors are ...widely used in this field. The so called E−ToF identification technique combines the energy and time of arrival of ions stopped in the detector to perform mass identification and calculate the velocity. However, when dealing with time measurements non-linear effects in detector and electronics responses have to be taken into account. We present an empirical method, as developed in the case of CHIMERA multi-detector, describing these non-linear effects and allowing for mass identification of ions stopped in the silicon detector by means of a semi-automatic procedure. Correlation between the non-linear effects affecting the ToF technique and the rise-time of the silicon detector signal will also be presented and discussed.
Allpix2: A modular simulation framework for silicon detectors Spannagel, S.; Wolters, K.; Hynds, D. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
09/2018, Letnik:
901
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Allpix2 (read: Allpix Squared) is a generic, open-source software framework for the simulation of silicon pixel detectors. Its goal is to ease the implementation of detailed simulations for both ...single detectors and more complex setups such as beam telescopes from incident radiation to the digitised detector response. Predefined detector types can be automatically constructed from simple model files describing the detector parameters.
The simulation chain is arranged with the help of intuitive configuration files and an extensible system of modules, which implement separate simulation steps such as realistic charge carrier deposition with the Geant4 toolkit or propagation of charge carriers in silicon using a drift–diffusion model. Detailed electric field maps imported from TCAD simulations can be used to precisely model the drift behaviour of charge carriers within the silicon, bringing a new level of realism to Monte Carlo based simulations of particle detectors.
This paper provides an overview of the framework and a selection of different simulation modules, and presents a comparison of simulation results with test beam data recorded with hybrid pixel detectors. Emphasis is placed on the performance of the framework itself, using a first-principles simulation of the detectors without addressing secondary ASIC-specific effects.
We designed, produced, and tested RSD (Resistive AC-Coupled Silicon Detectors) devices, an evolution of the standard LGAD (Low-Gain Avalanche Diode) technology where a resistive n-type implant and a ...coupling dielectric layer have been implemented. The first feature works as a resistive sheet, freezing the multiplied charges, while the second one acts as a capacitive coupling for readout pads. We succeeded in the challenging goal of obtaining very fine pitch (50, 100, and 200 μm) while maintaining the signal waveforms suitable for high timing and 4D-tracking performances, as in the standard LGAD-based devices.
MÖNCH is a 25 µm‐pitch charge‐integrating detector aimed at exploring the limits of current hybrid silicon detector technology. The small pixel size makes it ideal for high‐resolution imaging. With ...an electronic noise of about 110 eV r.m.s., it opens new perspectives for many synchrotron applications where currently the detector is the limiting factor, e.g. inelastic X‐ray scattering, Laue diffraction and soft X‐ray or high‐resolution color imaging. Due to the small pixel pitch, the charge cloud generated by absorbed X‐rays is shared between neighboring pixels for most of the photons. Therefore, at low photon fluxes, interpolation algorithms can be applied to determine the absorption position of each photon with a resolution of the order of 1 µm. In this work, the characterization results of one of the MÖNCH prototypes are presented under low‐flux conditions. A custom interpolation algorithm is described and applied to the data to obtain high‐resolution images. Images obtained in grating interferometry experiments without the use of the absorption grating G2 are shown and discussed. Perspectives for the future developments of the MÖNCH detector are also presented.
The MÖNCH 25 µm‐pitch hybrid pixel detector is described in detail and characterized. The interpolation algorithm developed to achieve micrometer‐level resolution is applied to grating interferometry measurements.
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