Growing popularity of recreational skiing and snowboarding in this region has directed this corpus-based study towards getting an insight into standardization requirements of the ski register in ...Serbian within the framework of today’s angloglobalized world of sport. The corpus consists of 292 ski terms in English and Serbian. After a brief overview of the creation of ski terms, the paper deals with a contrastive analysis of the corpus from the aspect of adaptation of English terms into the system of Serbian at the level of form, i.e. respelling and at the level of content, i.e. translation. Guided by the results of this analysis, the following sections deal with the requirements related to the standardization of ski terms in Serbian.
This study evaluated two approaches for estimating the total propulsive force on a skier's center of mass (COM) with double-poling (DP) and V2-skating (V2) skiing techniques. We also assessed the ...accuracy and the stability of each approach by changing the speed and the incline of the treadmill. A total of 10 cross-country skiers participated in this study. Force measurement bindings, pole force sensors, and an eight-camera Vicon system were used for data collection. The coefficient of multiple correlation (CMC) was calculated to evaluate the similarity between the force curves. Mean absolute force differences between the estimated values and the reference value were computed to evaluate the accuracy of each approach. In both DP and V2 techniques, the force-time curves of the forward component of the translational force were similar to the reference value (CMC: 0.832-0.936). The similarity between the force and time curves of the forward component of the ground reaction force (GRF) and the reference value was, however, greater (CMC: 0.879-0.955). Both approaches can estimate the trend of the force-time curve of the propulsive force properly. An approach by calculating the forward component of GRF is a more appropriate method due to a better accuracy.
Purpose
This study aimed to investigate how rifle carriage and skiing speed during biathlon roller skiing affect range of motion (ROM) in joint angles and equipment (skis and poles), the vertical ...distance between shoulders and treadmill (vertdist), as well as possible sex differences associated with rifle carriage.
Methods
Fourteen biathletes (6 women, 8 men) roller‐skied on a treadmill at submaximal and simulated race speeds, with (WR) and without (NR) a rifle, using gears 3 and 2. Kinematical data for the whole body, poles, roller‐skis, rifle, and treadmill were monitored using a 3D motion capture system. Movements determined as flexion/extension (x), abduction/adduction (y), and/or internal/external rotation (z) were analyzed for the hip, shoulder, thorax, knee, ankle, elbow, poles, and roller skis. ROM (the difference between maximal and minimal angles) in joints and equipment, and vertdist were analyzed over six skiing cycles during each condition (WR and NR) and speed.
Results
The maximal vertdist was lower for WR compared with NR (gear 3: 1.53 ± 0.06 vs 1.54 ± 0.06 m; gear 2: 1.49 ± 0.06 vs 1.51 ± 0.06 m; both p < 0.001). ROM in the upper body was altered when roller skiing WR (movements decreased in thorax and shoulder (x) and increased in elbow (only gear 3) (x), thorax (only gear 2), and shoulder (y) and (z); all p < 0.05) and increased with speed, without differences between sexes (p > 0.05).
Conclusion
Since rifle carriage and speed appear to affect the kinematics of roller skiing, coaches, and biathletes are advised to perform skiing technique training under competition‐like conditions (i.e., at race speeds while carrying the rifle).
We aimed to investigate the association of number of completed races and finishing time with risk of arrhythmias among participants of Vasaloppet, a 90 km cross-country skiing event.
All the ...participants without cardiovascular disease who completed Vasaloppet during 1989-98 were followed through national registries until December 2005. Primary outcome was hospitalization for any arrhythmia and secondary outcomes were atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF), bradyarrhythmias, other supraventricular tachycardias (SVT), and ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation/cardiac arrest (VT/VF/CA). Among 52 755 participants, 919 experienced arrhythmia during follow-up. Adjusting for age, education, and occupational status, those who completed the highest number of races during the period had higher risk of any arrhythmias hazard ratio (HR)1.30; 95% CI 1.08-1.58; for ≥5 vs. 1 completed race, AF (HR 1.29; 95% CI 1.04-1.61), and bradyarrhythmias (HR 2.10; 95% CI 1.28-3.47). Those who had the fastest relative finishing time also had higher risk of any arrhythmias (HR 1.30; 95% CI 1.04-1.62; for 100-160% vs. >240% of winning time), AF (1.20; 95% CI 0.93-1.55), and bradyarrhythmias (HR 1.85; 95% CI 0.97-3.54). SVT or VT/VF/CA was not associated with finishing time or number of completed races.
Among male participants of a 90 km cross-country skiing event, a faster finishing time and a high number of completed races were associated with higher risk of arrhythmias. This was mainly driven by a higher incidence of AF and bradyarrhythmias. No association with SVT or VT/VF/CA was found.
Category:
Trauma; Ankle; Sports
Introduction/Purpose:
Lower extremity fractures are relatively common among winter sports participants. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the demographics, ...injury mechanisms and environmental features among patients evaluated for lower leg fractures at a high-volume Colorado ski resort during five consecutive ski seasons.
Methods:
We conducted a retrospective descriptive analysis of patients with lower leg fractures at the Denver Health Winter Park Medical Center during the 2012/13 to 2016/17 ski seasons. We included all fractures below the knee (excluding tibial plateau and isolated fibular head fractures) sustained by skiing or snowboarding. Chart review was performed on the patient cohort, confirming diagnosis and evaluating factors associated with these fractures.
Results:
There were 346 lower leg, ankle, and/or foot fractures (5.4% of all clinic visits) during the study period. The average age was 33.1 years (range 4-74) with the majority being male (60.7%) and mainly as a result of skiing (84.7%). The majority of fractures were sustained among skiers and snowboarders who self-identified as beginner or intermediate skill level (64.8%), and on easy (green) or intermediate (blue) runs (64.9%). The most common fractures sustained were complete tibia-fibula fractures (30.9%) and lateral malleolus fractures (27.5%). More than half (57.0%) of complete tibia-fibula fractures were classified and boot top (mid- shaft just above the ski boot) fractures. The most common type of lateral malleolus fractures was Danis-Weber B (72.0%) with only 5.4% being Weber C fractures. Foot fractures were rare with only 12 total cases (3.5%).
Conclusion:
Skiers are much more likely to sustain lower leg fractures compared to snowboarders. Men were much more likely than women to sustain lower leg fractures. Most fractures occurred in mild or moderately difficult ski runs relative to advanced runs. Fractures appear to be more common with advancing age. Complete tibia-fibula fractures were the most common fractures sustained in all riders with lateral malleolus fractures being the second most common. Foot fractures are very rare in this population. Given the frequency of these injuries, additional education around prevention may be warranted.
Greater gender differences have been found in exercise modes where the upper body is involved. Therefore, the present study investigated the influence of poling on gender differences in endurance ...performance by elite cross‐country skiers. Initially, the performance of eight male and eight female sprint skiers was compared during four different types of exercise involving different degrees of poling: double poling (DP), G3 skating, and diagonal stride (DIA) techniques during treadmill roller skiing, and treadmill running (RUN). Thereafter, DP was examined for physiological and kinematic parameters. The relative gender differences associated with the DP, G3, DIA and RUN performances were approximately 20%, 17%, 14%, and 12%, respectively. Thus, the type of exercise exerted an overall effect on the relative gender differences (P < 0.05). In connection with DP, the men achieved 63%, 16%, and 8% higher VO2peak than the women in absolute terms and with normalization for total and fat‐free body mass (all P < 0.05). The DP VO2peak in percentage of VO2max in RUN was higher in men (P < 0.05). The gender difference in DP peak cycle length was 23% (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present investigation demonstrates that the gender difference in performance by elite sprint skiers is enhanced when the contribution from poling increases.
Several methods could be used to measure the forces from skis or roller skis in cross-country skiing. Equipment that could measure medio-lateral forces may be of good help for investigating the ...relevant skating techniques. The aim of this study was to validate a pair of newly designed two-dimensional force measurement roller skis. The vertical and medio-lateral forces which were perpendicular to the body of the roller ski could be measured. Forces were resolved into the global coordinate system and compared with the force components measured by a force plate. A static and dynamic loading situation for the force measurement roller ski was performed to reveal the validity of the system. To demonstrate whether the force measurement roller ski would affect roller skiing performance on a treadmill, a maximum speed test with the V2 technique was performed by using both normal and force measurement roller skis. The force-time curves obtained by these two different force measurement systems were shown to have high similarity (coefficient of multiple correlations > 0.940). The absolute difference for the forces in the X and Z directions over one push-off cycle was 3.9−33.3 N. The extra weight (333 g) of the force measurement roller ski did not affect the performance of the skiers. Overall, the newly designed two-dimensional force measurement roller ski in this study is valid for use in future research during daily training for skate skiing techniques.
Cross-country skiing is a complex endurance sport requiring technical skills, in addition to considerable physiological and tactical abilities. This review aims to identify biomechanical factors that ...influence the performance of cross-country skiers. Four electronic databases were searched systematically for original articles in peer-reviewed journals addressing the relationship between biomechanical factors (including kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation) and performance while skiing on snow or roller skiing. Of the 46 articles included, 22 focused exclusively on the classical technique, 18 on the skating technique, and six on both. The indicators of performance were: results from actual or simulated races (9 articles); speed on specific tracts (6 articles); maximal or peak speed (11 articles); skiing economy or efficiency (11 articles); and grouping on the basis of performance or level of skill (12 articles). The main findings were that i) cycle length, most often considered as a major determinant of skiing speed, is also related to skiing economy and level of performance; ii) higher cycle rate related with maximal speed capacity, while self-selected cycle rate improves skiing economy at sub-maximal speeds; iii) cross-country skiing performance appears to be improved by joint, whole-body, ski, and pole kinematics that promote forward propulsion while minimizing unnecessary movement.
Cross‐country skiing causes strain in the airways because skiers train and compete in cold air. The aim of this survey was to investigate the prevalence and age at onset of asthma, asthma control, ...and use of asthma medication in Finnish competitive cross‐country skiers. All cross‐country skiers who were enrolled in the largest national competitions in winter 2019 (n = 1282) were invited to the study via the Finnish Ski Association. A control group (n = 1733) was matched for the responding skiers by age, gender, and region. The response rate was 27.4% (n = 351) for skiers and 19.5% (n = 338) for the controls. The prevalence of asthma was 25.9% in skiers and 9.2% in the controls (p < 0.001). Median (IQR) age at first asthma‐related symptoms was higher in skiers than in the controls (13.0 (8.25–16.0) vs. 8.0 (2.25–11.75) years, p < 0.001), and the difference in asthma prevalence was evident only after the start of skiing career. Median (IQR) Asthma Control Test (ACT) score in skiers and controls with asthma was 22.0 (21–24) vs. 22.0 (19–24) (p = 0.611), and 89.0% of skiers and 77.4% of controls had well‐controlled asthma (ACT score ≥20). In skiers with asthma, 82.4% used regular inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), and 80.2% used bronchodilators. A fixed combination of ICS +long‐acting β2‐agonist was regularly used by 47.3% of the skiers and 22.6% of the controls with asthma (p = 0.016). In conclusion, asthma prevalence is about 2.5 times higher, and age at onset of asthma is later in skiers compared with the controls. Asthma in cross‐country skiers is mostly well controlled and on regular maintenance treatment.
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