Summary
Background
Glutathione is one of agents which is commonly used to lighten skin color in Asia as a dietary supplement. Previous studies suggest its potential effect of glutathione on skin ...color. However, the clinical efficacy of glutathione in oral form is still questionable due to its limited absorption and bioavailability.
Aim
To determine the clinical effects of glutathione on skin color and related skin conditions.
Patients/Methods
A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, EMBASE and Cochrane library were searched from inceptions to October 2017. All clinical studies evaluating the effect of glutathione on any skin effects in healthy volunteer were included.
Results
A total of four studies were included. Three studies were RCTs with placebo control, while one was a single‐arm trial. One study used topical form, while others used oral form of glutathione with 250 to 500 mg/day. We found that both oral glutathione with the dosage of 500 mg/day and topical 2.0% oxidized glutathione could brighten skin color in sun‐exposed area measured by skin melanin index. No significant differences in the reduction in skin melanin index were observed in sun‐protected area for any products. In addition, glutathione also has a trend to improve skin wrinkle, skin elasticity, and UV spots. Some adverse events but nonserious were reported.
Conclusions
Current evidence of the skin whitening effect of glutathione is still inconclusive due to the quality of included studies and inconsistent findings. However, there is a trend that glutathione might brighten skin color at skin‐exposed area.
Every cell in the human body has a unique set of somatic mutations, but it remains difficult to comprehensively genotype an individual cell
. Here we describe ways to overcome this obstacle in the ...context of normal human skin, thus offering a glimpse into the genomic landscapes of individual melanocytes from human skin. As expected, sun-shielded melanocytes had fewer mutations than sun-exposed melanocytes. However, melanocytes from chronically sun-exposed skin (for example, the face) had a lower mutation burden than melanocytes from intermittently sun-exposed skin (for example, the back). Melanocytes located adjacent to a skin cancer had higher mutation burdens than melanocytes from donors without skin cancer, implying that the mutation burden of normal skin can be used to measure cumulative sun damage and risk of skin cancer. Moreover, melanocytes from healthy skin commonly contained pathogenic mutations, although these mutations tended to be weakly oncogenic, probably explaining why they did not give rise to discernible lesions. Phylogenetic analyses identified groups of related melanocytes, suggesting that melanocytes spread throughout skin as fields of clonally related cells that are invisible to the naked eye. Overall, our results uncover the genomic landscapes of individual melanocytes, providing key insights into the causes and origins of melanoma.
Noninvasive diagnosis in dermatology Welzel, Julia; Schuh, Sandra
Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft,
October 2017, 2017-Oct, 2017-10-00, 20171001, Letnik:
15, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Summary
In addition to dermoscopy, there are other imaging and biophysical methods for the noninvasive diagnosis of skin lesions. Confocal laser microscopy allows for high‐resolution imaging of the ...epidermis and upper dermis. It is particularly suitable in the differential diagnosis of melanocytic lesions. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has a lower resolution compared to confocal laser microscopy but a greater depth of penetration. It is primarily used for imaging epithelial skin cancer, especially in the context of monitoring the effectiveness of nonsurgical therapies. Electrical impedance spectroscopy does not yield cutaneous images but rather provides a score based on the cellular irregularity of the skin. Multispectral analysis involves illumination of the skin with different wavelengths and likewise results in the computation of a score. Both methods are used in the differentiation of dysplastic nevi from melanoma. Other diagnostic imaging and biophysical methods are currently still in the developmental stages.By increasing the sensitivity and specificity of clinical and dermoscopic findings, the aforementioned methods bring about an improvement in noninvasive diagnosis. They allow for skin lesions to be monitored over time and therapeutic effects to be quantified. Finally, they facilitate early diagnosis of skin cancer, and help avoid unnecessary surgery of benign lesions.
Summary
Background Healthcare planning requires robust data on the prevalence and need for care of dermatological diseases. To date, no systematic data in population‐based samples are available for ...Germany.
Objectives Determination of the prevalence of skin lesions and of the need for care based on dermatological examinations in working adults in Germany.
Methods From 2004 to 2009, workers aged between 16 and 70 years from different branches of industry throughout Germany underwent a single dermatological whole‐body examination on the occasion of company screening for skin cancer. The data were recorded electronically and evaluated descriptively. In addition to the clinical findings, case history data on previous skin diseases were documented and the need for further clarification or treatment was determined on the basis of the dermatologist’s assessment.
Results Data from n = 90 880 persons from a total of 312 companies were evaluated. Of the pigmented skin lesions, dermal naevi were found in 25·1% of the cohort, and 16·7% displayed more than 40 each. The most frequent inflammatory skin diseases were acne vulgaris (3·9%), psoriasis (2·0%), rosacea (2·3%) and atopic eczema (1·3%). Examination of the case histories showed that the most frequent condition was allergic sensitizations (41·1%); of these, pollen accounted for the biggest group (21·4%), followed by contact allergens (8·0%). In total, 26·8% of the cohort exhibited a dermatological finding in need of treatment or further clarification.
Conclusions Dermatological lesions and diseases requiring clarification are frequent and indicate a high demand for treatment in the adult population.
Background Although primary hyperhidrosis (PHH) has been frequently associated with diminished quality of life, the medical consequences of the condition are less well studied. Objective The ...objective was to study the clinical presentation of PHH and to determine its relationship to cutaneous infection. Methods A retrospective case-control study of patients encountered between 1993 and 2005 with the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis code for hyperhidrosis (HH) and meeting criteria for PHH was conducted. Results Of 387 patients with PHH included, 59% were female and 41% were male; mean age was 27.3 years (range 2-72). Sites of HH included soles (50.1%), palms (45.2%), and axillae (43.4%). Distributional patterns of HH were isolated axillary (27.6%), palmoplantar (24.3%), isolated plantar (15%), axillary/palmoplantar (5.7%), isolated palmar (5.7%), and craniofacial (5.2%). Axillary HH was more common in female patients ( P = .004). The mean age of onset (18.6 ± 12.3 years) indicated a mean duration of untreated symptoms of 8.9 years. Age at onset for palmoplantar HH (11.5 ± 8 years) was significantly younger than for axillary HH (20.0 ± 8.3 years; P < .0001), whereas onset of craniofacial HH (25.4 ± 13.7 years) was older ( P < .001). Exacerbating factors included stress/emotion/anxiety (56.7%) and heat/humidity (22%). The overall risk of any cutaneous infection was significantly ( P < .0001) increased in HH compared with controls (odds ratio OR 3.2; 95% confidence interval CI 2.2-4.6). Site-specific risks of fungal infection (OR 5.0; 95% CI 2.6-9.8; P < .0001), bacterial infection (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.2-5.7; P = .017), and viral infection (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2-3.0; P = .011) were all increased. Risks of pitted keratolysis (OR 15.4; 95% CI 2.0-117; P = .0003), dermatophytosis (OR 9.8; 95% CI 3.4-27.8; P < .0001), and verruca plantaris/vulgaris (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.3-3.6; P = .0077) were particularly increased. Association with atopic/eczematous dermatitis (OR 2.9; 95% CI 1.5-55; P = .019) was observed. Limitations Retrospective design and single-institution study are limitations. Conclusions Patients with HH are at high risk of secondary infection. Management of HH may have a secondary benefit of decreasing this risk.
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (alloHCT) is known to increase the risk for keratinocyte carcinoma. The extent to which host characteristics, including pigmentary phenotype and UV radiation ...exposure, contribute is unknown.
To identify and validate independent risk factors for keratinocyte carcinoma after alloHCT, including those associated with the transplant and the host.
This retrospective cohort study analyzed a consecutive sample of alloHCT recipients from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2014, at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (n = 872) and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (n = 147). Participants from the Mayo Clinic were randomly allocated (2:1) into discovery (n = 581) and validation (n = 291) cohorts. Time to first keratinocyte carcinoma and information about transplant- and host-associated risk factors were extracted. A multivariate keratinocyte carcinoma risk model was created using a stepwise Cox proportional hazards regression model with P ≤ .05 for entry that incorporated all covariates that were individually statistically significant at α = 0.05 in the discovery cohort. The risk model was first internally validated using the Mayo Clinic validation cohort and then externally validated using the independent cohort of alloHCT recipients at University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center. Data were analyzed from March 13, 2018, to June 12, 2019.
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant.
The primary outcome was time to development of the first cutaneous keratinocyte carcinoma after alloHCT; secondary outcome, time to development of the first individual basal and/or squamous cell carcinoma after alloHCT.
Of the 872 alloHCT recipients identified in the Mayo Clinic cohort (520 men 59.6%; mean SD age, 48.3 12.6 years), 95 (10.9%) developed keratinocyte carcinoma after alloHCT during 5349 person-years of follow-up. Of the 147 alloHCT recipients in the exernal validation cohort (86 men 58.5%; mean SD age, 47.9 17.5 years), 18 (12.2%) developed keratinocyte carcinoma after alloHCT in 880 person-years of follow up. Risk factors independently associated with keratinocyte carcinoma after alloHCT included age (hazard ratio HR per 10 years, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.21-2.42), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (HR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.20-5.09), clinically photodamaged skin (HR, 3.47; 95% CI, 1.87-6.41), and history of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (HR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.41-5.91). Harrell concordance statistics were 0.81 (95% CI, 0.72-0.90) and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.74-0.98) for internal and external validation of the keratinocyte carcinoma risk model, respectively.
This study found validated independent risk factors for keratinocyte carcinoma after alloHCT that are enriched with host- compared with transplant-associated risk factors. These findings highlight the importance of assessing host-associated risk factors for keratinocyte carcinoma in patients eligible for alloHCT. Future studies should examine whether keratinocyte carcinoma risk stratification before alloHCT may inform long-term surveillance strategies.
Dermatology is a field that strives not only to alleviate skin disease (therapeutics) but also to improve the perception of wellness (cosmetics). Thus, in this special issue of Glycobiology, it seems ...appropriate to discuss the biology of a glycosaminoglycan, called hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan, or HA), that has become the most popular agent today for intradermal injections to improve wrinkles and other cosmetic defects. HA is a simple linear polymer in which a simple disaccharide is repeated thousands of time, thereby creating a huge hydrophilic molecule that confers a large volume of hydration and contributes to the turgor and flexibility of healthy skin. Beyond cosmetic considerations, however, HA also has important biological and physiological functions that were largely under-appreciated until recently. New research has confirmed that HA is dynamically produced by most skin cells, not only fibroblasts (the cells that make most of the skin's extracellular matrix) but also by keratinocytes in the outer protective layer (epidermis). For both fibroblasts and keratinocytes, HA plays a regulatory role in controlling cell physiology through interaction of extracellular HA with a major cell-surface receptor, CD44. This interaction mediates intracellular signaling both directly and indirectly, through CD44 interactions with the cytoskeleton and with EGF and TGFβ receptors. Furthermore, degradation of HA by specific hyaluronidase enzymes produces HA fragments that can help to regulate inflammatory processes. In this review, current knowledge about the role of HA in skin inflammation and wound healing are reviewed and possible future applications of such knowledge discussed.
In the present study, the effects of NLRP3 on radiation-induced tissue damage, including colon and skin damage in mice, and the possible mechanisms were explored in vivo and in vitro. The mice were ...subjected to whole abdomen radiation by timed exposure to X-ray at a cumulative dose of 14 Gy. The survival rate showed that NLRP3 deficiency increased the mortality rate in mice. Furthermore, colon damage, evaluated by H&E staining and barrier function analysis, were significantly aggravated by NLRP3 deficiency. Enhanced phosphorylation of p-TBK1 and p-IRF3 in colonic tissue as well as elevated IFN-β levels in the serum indicated hyperactivation of cGAS-STING signaling. Moreover, radiation-induced expression of p-TBK1, p-IRF3, and IFN-β in BMDMs increased in vitro after NLRP3 knockout. Thus, our study outcomes suggest that NLRP3 may protect mice from radiation-induced tissue damage via attenuating cGAS-STING signaling.
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•NLRP3 deficiency decreased the survival rate in mice•NLRP3 protected mice from radiation-induced colon and skin tissue damage•NLRP3 knockout lead to overactivation of cGAS-STING signaling
Summary
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically devastating emerging viral disease of cattle. Lumpy skin disease is currently endemic in most African countries and has recently spread out of ...Africa into the Middle East region. In this article, we review the putative mechanisms of spread of LSD into the Middle East and the risks of further spread into Turkey, Europe and Asia. We also review the latest findings on the epidemiology of LSD, its mechanisms of transmission, the potential role of wildlife in its maintenance and spread and the diagnostic tests and control methods currently available.
Background Based on previous meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the use of interferon alpha (IFN-α) in the adjuvant setting improves disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with ...high-risk cutaneous melanoma. However, RCTs have yielded conflicting data on the effect of IFN-α on overall survival (OS). Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the effect of IFN-α on DFS and OS in patients with high-risk cutaneous melanoma. The systematic review was performed by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cancerlit, Cochrane, ISI Web of Science, and ASCO databases. The meta-analysis was performed using time-to-event data from which hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of DFS and OS were estimated. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses to investigate the effect of dose and treatment duration were also performed. Statistical tests were two-sided. Results The meta-analysis included 14 RCTs, published between 1990 and 2008, and involved 8122 patients, of which 4362 patients were allocated to the IFN-α arm. IFN-α alone was compared with observation in 12 of the 14 trials, and 17 comparisons (IFN-α vs comparator) were generated in total. IFN-α treatment was associated with a statistically significant improvement in DFS in 10 of the 17 comparisons (HR for disease recurrence = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.77 to 0.87; P < .001) and improved OS in four of the 14 comparisons (HR for death = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.83 to 0.96; P = .002). No between-study heterogeneity in either DFS or OS was observed. No optimal IFN-α dose and/or treatment duration or a subset of patients more responsive to adjuvant therapy was identified using subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Conclusion In patients with high-risk cutaneous melanoma, IFN-α adjuvant treatment showed statistically significant improvement in both DFS and OS.
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