Like the other WHO-listed Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), snakebite primarily affects rural, impoverished tropical communities that lack adequate health resources. The annual 138 000 deaths and ...400 000 disabilities suffered by these subsistence farming communities means that snakebite is an additional cause and consequence of tropical poverty. Unlike most of the NTDs, however, snakebite is a medical emergency, and requires rapid treatment in a hospital equipped with effective antivenom, beds and appropriately trained staff. The lack of such facilities in the remote areas most affected by snakebite, and the high treatment costs, explains why most victims, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, consult traditional healers rather than seek hospital care. Whilst affordable, there is no evidence that traditional treatments are effective. The number of snakebite victims that die, unregistered, in the community is threefold higher than hospital-recorded deaths. After decades of inertia, WHO benefitted from advocacy interventions and the support of key agencies, including Médecins Sans Frontières, the Wellcome Trust, the Kofi Annan Foundation and the Global Snakebite Initiative, to recently institute transformative actions for reducing the public health burden of tropical snakebite. It is imperative that WHO and the other stakeholders now gain the support and investment of governments, research funders and donor agencies to ensure that this recent momentum for change is translated into sustained benefit to snakebite victims.
The purpose of this experiment was to know the effect of Mimosa pudica root extract (normal water extraction) on mortality and muscle histopatological in experimental animal (Rattus norvegicus) which ...injected with LD50 of Naja sputatrix venom. Fresh Mimosa pudica root dried without sunshine and ground into coarse powder with steamroller (mash 3mm). Plant extract were prepared by stirring 4 g of the powder into 200 ml of water for 3 hours at room temperature and filtered with muslin cloth before freezdried. 30 rat divided into five groups, P0(C+), P1(C-) P2, P3, and P4. P0 (positive control group) injected by saline intra muscular and given aquadest peroral after five minutes, P1 (negative control) injected with Naja sputatrix venom and given aquadest peroral after five minutes. P2, P3, and P4 injected by Naja sputatrix venom and given Mimosa pudica extract with 250mg/KgBW, 500mg/KgBW, and 1000mg/KgBW doses. All of the experimental animal observed about six hours and than euthanized, musculus gluteus maximus (location of injection) was taken for histopatological examination. In this experiment observed that the normal water extraction of mimosa pudica can’t reduce mortality of experimental animals but it can decrease muscle damage in 1000mg/KgBW dose.
Snakebite envenoming is predominantly an occupational disease of the rural tropics, causing death or permanent disability to hundreds of thousands of victims annually. The diagnosis of snakebite ...envenoming is commonly based on a combination of patient history and a syndromic approach. However, the availability of auxiliary diagnostic tests at the disposal of the clinicians vary from country to country, and the level of experience within snakebite diagnosis and intervention may be quite different for clinicians from different hospitals. As such, achieving timely diagnosis, and thus treatment, is a challenge faced by treating personnel around the globe. For years, much effort has gone into developing novel diagnostics to support diagnosis of snakebite victims, especially in rural areas of the tropics. Gaining access to affordable and rapid diagnostics could potentially facilitate more favorable patient outcomes due to early and appropriate treatment. This review aims to highlight regional differences in epidemiology and clinical snakebite management on a global scale, including an overview of the past and ongoing research efforts within snakebite diagnostics. Finally, the review is rounded off with a discussion on design considerations and potential benefits of novel snakebite diagnostics.
There is no reliable estimate of burden of snakebite-envenoming (SBE) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We derived from a meta-analysis the burden of SBE related deaths, amputations and Post-Traumatic ...Stress Disorder (PTSD) in 41 countries in SSA. The annual burden was estimated at 1.03 million DALYs (95% Confidence Interval: 0.80–1.28 million DALYs). This is similar to or higher than the burden of many Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) and the finding advocates for a commensurate resources allocation towards control of SBE.
•The burden of snakebite envenoming (SBE) in sub-Saharan Africa is considerable.•In addition to mortality, amputations and post-traumatic stress disorder account for a sizable proportion of the burden.•The total annual burden is estimated at 1.03 million DALYs (95% Confidence Interval: 0.80 - 1.28 million DALYs).•The burden of SBE surpasses that of many other Neglected Tropical Diseases and requires more resources for control.
Around 95% of snake venom is protein. Along with the soluble proteins, snake venom also contains proteins encapsulated in vesicles known as Snake Venom Extracellular Vesicles (SVEV). SVEVs are ...nano-sized membrane-bound vesicles released from the snake venom gland cells. The available published research works on SVEVs are minimal. Extracellular vesicles in the Snake Venom gland were initially discovered during the histopathological analysis of the Crotalus durissus terrificus snakes' venom gland. Later, various techniques were employed to isolate and characterize the SVEVs. The cargo of SVEV consists of a variety of proteins like Phospholipase A-2, C-type Lectins, L-Amino Acid Oxidase, Cysteine-Rich Secretory Proteins, Serine Proteinases, Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV, Aminopeptidase-A, Ecto-5′-nucleotidases, Disintegrins. Proteomic data revealed the presence of some exclusive proteins in the SVEVs, and the other proteins are in varying concentrations in the SVEVs compared to their whole Venom. Interaction of SVEVs with mammalian cell lines showed the disruption of primary physiological functions leads to host immune modulation, and long-term effects of envenoming. Snakebite victim's blood showed variations in the specific Extracellular vesicle concentration. It has been hypothesized that SVEVs are responsible for long-term toxicity.
The current review focuses on the various techniques adopted to isolate and characterize SVEVs and discusses the exclusiveness and variations of SVEV proteins and their role in snakebites.
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•Extracellular vesicles observed both in the Venom gland and the Venom of the snakes were identical.•Snake venom Extracellular vesicles showed variation in protein composition compared to their whole Venom.•Snake venom extracellular vesicles showed some unique proteins that may serve as biomarkers for that particular Venom.
Catuneragam nilotica has been used in ethnomedicine to treat snakebite, inflammation, and diarrhea among others. The aim of this research is to isolate, and characterize potential potential ...phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors from the roots of C. nilotica. The plant material was collected, authenticated, and sequentially extracted using solvents of increasing polarity starting from n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The extracts as reported in our previous work, were screened in vitro for their inhibitory activity against PLA2 enzyme from N. nigricollis venom using acidimetric assay. In line with the bio-activity guided isolation, methanol extract (being the most active) was subjected to chromatographic separation using silica gel and sephadex LH-20 which resulted in the isolation and characterization of scopoletin, and scopolin; the compounds were able to inhibit the hydrolytic actions of PLA2 enzyme with percentage inhibition ranging from 67.82 to 100.00 % and 65.76–93.15 %, respectively while the standard Antisnake Venom (ASV) had 74.96–85.04 % after 10 min incubation at 37 °C. The molecular docking of the compounds against PLA2 enzyme was performed using Auto Dock Vina while ADME-Tox analysis was evaluated using swissADME and ProTox-II online servers; The findings indicated that both compounds were able to bind to the active site of PLA2 enzyme with high affinity (−6.5 to −6.2 kcal/mol) and they exhibited favorable drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties, and according to toxicity predictions, scopolin was found to be non-toxic (LD50 of 5000 mg/kg) while scopoletin has a slight chance of being toxic (LD50 of 3800 mg/kg). In conclusion, the findings of the research revealed that the roots of C. nilotica contains phytoconstituents with anti-PLA2 enzyme activity and thus, validates the ethnomedicinal claim of the use of the plant as herbal therapy against N. nigricollis envenomation.
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•Scopoletin and Scopolin were identified from the roots of Catuneragam nilotica.•Both compounds were able to inhibit the hydrolytic actions of PLA2 enzyme from Naja nigricollis venom.•The compounds interacted with key amino acid residues such as HIS47 and ASP48 at the active site of PLA2 with high affinity.•Scopoletin and Scopolin also exhibited favorable drug-like and pharmacokinetics properties.•The roots of C. nilotica contain active phytoconstituents with proven antisnake properties.
The United States is home to two major families of venomous snakes, Crotalids and Elapids. The Crotalid family, also known as pit vipers, is well known for being among the most frequent causes of ...snakebites reported. Crotalid envenomation can present with local findings, hematologic toxicity, and systemic toxicity. Identification of envenomated patients is key to determining who needs antivenom. Most sources recommend an observation period of six to eight hours after the snakebite to determine whether the bite was "dry" or the patient was exposed to venom.
We present the case of a 33-year-old patient with a history of renal transplantation who had delayed onset of symptoms of envenomation 18 hours after an initial emergency department observation. The patient did well after a course of antivenom and was discharged on hospital day three.
The patient's immunosuppressive regimen may have delayed the onset of clinical symptoms, thus delaying treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported of a patient presenting with a delayed onset of initial snakebite envenomation symptoms.
Snakebite envenoming (SBE) is a public health problem of high impact worldwide. The psychiatric consequences of SBE have been poorly documented. Here we present in detail the phenomenology of two ...clinical cases of Bothrops asper snakebite post-traumatic stress disorder (SBPTSD) in Costa Rica. We suggest that there is a characteristic presentation of SBPTSD and hypothesize that main contributors to the development of this disorder are: the systemic inflammatory response, the repetition of events that put the patient's life at risk and the human innate fear of snakes. Protocols for the prevention, detection and treatment of PTSD in patients who suffer a SBE should be implemented, with at least one mental health care consultation during hospitalization and a 3–5 months follow-up after the discharge.
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•Two cases of post-traumatic stress disorder after envenoming by the snake Bothrops asper are described.•The DSM 5 criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder in these two clinical cases are presented.•Possible mechanisms behind the development of this sequelae of envenoming are discussed.•Mental healthcare consultation should be provided to patients suffering snakebite envenomings.
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