Snakebite envenoming is a frequently overlooked cause of mortality and morbidity. Data for snake ecology and existing snakebite interventions are scarce, limiting accurate burden estimation ...initiatives. Low global awareness stunts new interventions, adequate health resources, and available health care. Therefore, we aimed to synthesise currently available data to identify the most vulnerable populations at risk of snakebite, and where additional data to manage this global problem are needed.
We assembled a list of snake species using WHO guidelines. Where relevant, we obtained expert opinion range (EOR) maps from WHO or the Clinical Toxinology Resources. We also obtained occurrence data for each snake species from a variety of websites, such as VertNet and iNaturalist, using the spocc R package (version 0.7.0). We removed duplicate occurrence data and categorised snakes into three groups: group A (no available EOR map or species occurrence records), group B (EOR map but <5 species occurrence records), and group C (EOR map and ≥5 species occurrence records). For group C species, we did a multivariate environmental similarity analysis using the 2008 WHO EOR maps and newly available evidence. Using these data and the EOR maps, we produced contemporary range maps for medically important venomous snake species at a 5 × 5 km resolution. We subsequently triangulated these data with three health system metrics (antivenom availability, accessibility to urban centres, and the Healthcare Access and Quality HAQ Index) to identify the populations most vulnerable to snakebite morbidity and mortality.
We provide a map showing the ranges of 278 snake species globally. Although about 6·85 billion people worldwide live within range of areas inhabited by snakes, about 146·70 million live within remote areas lacking quality health-care provisioning. Comparing opposite ends of the HAQ Index, 272·91 million individuals (65·25%) of the population within the lowest decile are at risk of exposure to any snake for which no effective therapy exists compared with 519·46 million individuals (27·79%) within the highest HAQ Index decile, showing a disproportionate coverage in reported antivenom availability. Antivenoms were available for 119 (43%) of 278 snake species evaluated by WHO, while globally 750·19 million (10·95%) of those living within snake ranges live more than 1 h from population centres. In total, we identify about 92·66 million people living within these vulnerable geographies, including many sub-Saharan countries, Indonesia, and other parts of southeast Asia.
Identifying exact populations vulnerable to the most severe outcomes of snakebite envenoming at a subnational level is important for prioritising new data collection and collation, reinforcing envenoming treatment, existing health-care systems, and deploying currently available and future interventions. These maps can guide future research efforts on snakebite envenoming from both ecological and public health perspectives and better target future estimates of the burden of this neglected tropical disease.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Reports of tarantulas feeding on birds are rare and were a matter of intense debate among naturalists for centuries. The first account dates from the early eighteenth century by the German naturalist ...Marie Sibylla Merian, and since then only a few reliable prcdation events have been published. We herein report on a predation event by the arboreal tarantula Iridopelma vanini Bertani. 2012 on two Southern house wrens Troglodytes musculus Naumann. 1823 in Brazil. The spider, a male, was found feeding on a young bird on a signpost made of two wooden posts, at dusk. The following day, one of the posts was removed and the spider was found feeding on a second young bird on its nest. We also update and discuss the identification of the iheraphosids involved in predation events reported in previous works. Keywords: Aviculariinac. Cerrado, predator-prey, spider predation, trophic interaction
Snake bite Warrell, David A, Prof
The Lancet (British edition),
01/2010, Letnik:
375, Številka:
9708
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Summary Snake bite is a common and frequently devastating environmental and occupational disease, especially in rural areas of tropical developing countries. Its public health importance has been ...largely ignored by medical science. Snake venoms are rich in protein and peptide toxins that have specificity for a wide range of tissue receptors, making them clinically challenging and scientifically fascinating, especially for drug design. Although the full burden of human suffering attributable to snake bite remains obscure, hundreds of thousands of people are known to be envenomed and tens of thousands are killed or maimed by snakes every year. Preventive efforts should be aimed towards education of affected communities to use proper footwear and to reduce the risk of contact with snakes to a minimum through understanding of snakes' behaviour. To treat envenoming, the production and clinical use of antivenom must be improved. Increased collaboration between clinicians, epidemiologists, and laboratory toxinologists should enhance the understanding and treatment of envenoming.
Let f : V(G) right arrow {1, 2,... , |V(G)|} be a bijection, and let us denote S = f(u) + f(v) and D = |f(u) - f(v)| for every edge uv in E(G). Let f' be the induced edge labeling, induced by the ...vertex labeling f, defined as f' : E(G) right arrow {0,1} such that for any edge uv in E(G),f'(uv) = 1 if gcd(S, D) = 1, and f'(uv) = 0 otherwise. Let e.sub.f'/(0) and e.sub.f'/(1) be the number of edges labeled with 0 and 1 respectively. f is SD-prime cordial labeling if |e.sub.f'/(0) - e.sub.f'/(1)| less than or equal to 1 and G is SD-prime cordial graph if it admits SD-prime cordial labeling. In this paper, we have discussed the SD-prime cordial labeling of subdivision of K.sub.4--snake S(K.sub.4S.sub.n), subdivision of double K.sub.4--snake S(D(K.sub.4S.sub.n)), subdivision of alternate K.sub.4--snake S(A(K.sub.4S.sub.n)) of type 1, 2 and 3, and subdivision of double alternate K.sub.4--snake S(DA(K.sub.4S.sub.n)) of type 1, 2 and 3. Keywords: SD-prime cordial graph, Subdivision of K.sub.4--Snake, Subdivision of Alternate K.sub.4--Snake, Subdivision of Double K.sub.4--Snake, Subdivision of Double Alternate K.sub.4--Snake, m--Complete Snake. AMS Subject Classification: 05C78.
Let f : V (G) right arrow (1, 2,...,|V (G)|} be a bijection, and let us denote S = f (u) + f (v) and D = |f (u)-f (v)| for every edge uv in E(G). Let f' be the induced edge labeling, induced by the ...vertex labeling f, defined as f` : E(G) right arrow {0,1} such that for any edge uv in E(G),f`(uv) = 1 if gcd(S, D) = 1, and f` (uv) = 0 otherwise. Let e.sub.f`(0) and e.sub.f` (1) be the number of edges labeled with 0 and 1 respectively. f is SD-prime cordial labeling if |e.sub.f` (0)-e.sub.f` less than or equal to 1 and G is SD-prime cordial graph if it admits SD-prime cordial labeling. In this paper, we have discussed the SD-prime cordial labeling of subdivision of K.sub.4-snake S(K.sub.4S.sub.n), subdivision of double K.sub.4-snake S(D(K.sub.4S.sub.n)), subdivision of alternate K.sub.4-snake S(A(K.sub.4S.sub.n)) of type 1, 2 and 3, and subdivision of double alternate K.sub.4-snake S(DA(K.sub.4S.sub.n)) of type 1, 2 and 3. Keywords: SD-prime cordial graph, Subdivision of K.sub.4-Snake, Subdivision of Alternate K.sub.4-Snake, Subdivision of Double K.sub.4-Snake, Subdivision of Double Alternate K.sub.4-Snake, m-Complete Snake. AMS Subject Classification: 05C78.
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