ABSTRACT
This article approaches the idea of eternity ethnographically. Specifically it turns to post‐Yugoslav central Serbia and the version of eternity (večnost) evoked by practicing Orthodox ...Christians in their daily lives. In this context, the eternal does not imply the everlastingness of persons and things in this life, or an inevitable cyclical “return.” Rather, eternity constitutes a dimension outside of time that sits alongside the present, a dimension that can be inhabited by ancestors and departed kin. In evoking eternity, people throw temporal life into relief, find solace in the face of death, and engage in the national community those no longer physically present. Against an essentializing view of the eternal as repetition or stasis, the article speculates about how evoking eternity is socially and politically generative, imbuing life with increased imaginative possibilities.
АПСТРАКТ
Овај чланак приступа идеји вечности са етнографске тачке гледишта. To се осврће на верзију вечности (eternity) евоцирану од стране православних хришћанских верника у свакодневном животу, а на територији централне Србије, у пост‐југословенском периоду. У овом контексту, вечност се не односи на трајанје особа и ствари у овом животу, или на неизбежни циклични повратак. Вечност је пре димензија ван времена која постоји поред садашњости, димензија која може бити настањена прецима или почившим ближњима. Евоцирајући вечност, људи истичу привремени овоземаљски живот, налазећи утеху у суочавању са смрћу и тако повезују са заједницом оне који више нису физички присутни. Противно виђењу вечности – као нечему што је понављање или застој – овај чланак посматра социјални и политички потенцијал евоцирања вечности, као прожимање живота појачаним маштовитим могућностима.
APSTRAKT
Ovaj članak pristupa ideji večnosti sa etnografske tačke gledišta. To se osvrće na verziju večnosti (eternity) evociranu od strane pravoslavnih hrišćanskih vernika u svakodnevnom životu, a na teritoriji centralne Srbije, u post‐jugoslovenskom periodu. U ovom kontekstu, večnost se ne odnosi na trajanje osoba i stvari u ovom životu, ili na neizbežni ciklični povratak. Večnost je pre dimenzija van vremena koja postoji pored sadašnjosti, dimenzija koja može biti nastanjena precima ili počivšim bližnjima. Evocirajuci večnost, ljudi ističu privremeni ovozemaljski život, nalazeci utehu u suočavanju sa smrću i tako povezuju sa zajednicom one koji više nisu fizički prisutni. Protivno videnju večnosti ‐kao nečemu što je ponavljanje ili zastoj ‐ovaj članak posmatra socijalni i politički potencijal evociranja večnosti, kao prožimanje života pojačanim maštovitim mogučnostima.
U radu se razmatraju povod, tijek i sadržaj intelektualne i političke debate između Stipe Šuvara i Šime Đodana koja se odvijala tijekom 1969.,
u uvjetima društveno-političkih, kulturnih i ekonomskih ...previranja u tadašnjoj socijalističkoj Hrvatskoj i Jugoslaviji. Glavno pitanje koje se eksplicitno i implicitno provlačilo kroz debatu bilo je: „Je li Hrvatska u Jugoslaviji eksploatirana?” No ta je rasprava bila višeslojna
i kompleksnija od toga. U njoj su se autori dotakli i međuodnosa nacionalizma i međunarodne ekonomske integracije unutar Jugoslavije, kao
i integracije Jugoslavije sa svijetom, odnosa ekonomije i kulture, emocionalnih i racionalnih argumenata u političkoj i ekonomskoj sferi, nacionalizma i demografije, modernizacije i nacionalne emancipacije, međudjelovanja procesa u istočnom, socijalističkom lageru i na Zapadu te
konsekvencija koje bi Jugoslavija i jugoslavensko društvo iz toga trebali povlačiti. U takvu složenijem iščitavanju njihove suprotstavljene pozicije (borba ideja) ne mogu se svoditi na dihotomiju socijalizam – nacionalizam i hrvatstvo – jugoslavenstvo.
This paper examines the cause, flow, and context of the intellectual and
political debate between Stipe Šuvar and Šime Đodan that took place during 1969, in the conditions of socio-political, cultural, and economic turmoil in the then socialist Croatia and Yugoslavia. The main question that was explicitly and implicitly present throughout the debate was: ‘Is Croatia being exploited in Yugoslavia?’ This discussion,
however, was multi-layered and more complex than that. In it, the authors touched upon the relationship between nationalism and inter-ethnic economic integration within Yugoslavia as well as the integration of Yugoslavia with the world, the relationship between economy and culture, emotional and rational arguments in the political and economic spheres, nationalism and demographics, modernisation and national/ethnic emancipation, the interaction of processes in the eastern, socialist bloc and in the West, and the consequences that Yugoslavia should draw from them. As a consequence of this more complex interpretation, their opposed positions (struggle of ideas) cannot be reduced to a simple dichotomy such as socialism-nationalism and Croatianness-Yugoslavness. Furthermore, the freer speech that became predominant in Yugoslav and Croatian public space in the 1960s and 1970s
made it easier to cross the borders between the economic, political, social, and cultural spheres. The economic dimension of nationalism would prove inseparable from the national discourse, and it would become
apparent that it could not be adequately addressed through general debates in the field of economic theory and practice alone. Finally, the
Šuvar-Đodan polemic is a reminder of the reflections on globalisation that were then taking place in socialist societies and states, and which
had begun long before the fall of the Berlin Wall.
Kulturni fenomeni dvaju giganata Buhin, Anita
Časopis za suvremenu povijest,
2023, Letnik:
55, Številka:
1
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Samoupravni preobražaj kulture koji se temeljio na ustavnim i zakonskim promjenama prihvaćenim sredinom 70-ih godina XX. stoljeća značio je među ostalim i odbacivanje sintagme „kultura radnicima” kao ...ostatka prosvjetiteljsko-edukativne kulturne politike ranoga socijalizma. Novi kulturni smjer trebao je označiti povratak izvornim marksističkim idejama, iz kojih je kultura proizlazila kao sredstvo i način života te omogućavala radnikovo intelektualno ostvarenje u borbi protiv otuđenoga rada. Radne organizacije trebale su postati i kulturne organizacije u kojima je radnik trebao ostvariti sve svoje potrebe, koje su uključivale kreativno i umjetničko stvaralaštvo, konzumiranje vrhunske kulture i umjetnosti, ali i solidarnost, jednakost i dobre međusobne odnose. Na primjeru brodogradilišta Uljanik u Puli i tvornice turbina Jugoturbina u Karlovcu, kao dvaju industrijskih divova i centara društvenoga života u svojim općinama, analizira se primjena kulturne teorije jugoslavenskoga samoupravnog socijalizma i nove kulturne politike 70-ih i 80-ih godina.
Self-managerial transformation of culture was based on constitutional and legislative changes which happened in socialist Yugoslavia in the mid-1970s as a need for further advancement of self-management in the state. One of the results was the rejection of the, until then, popular phrase „Culture to the workers!” as a relict of outdated enlightening-educative cultural practices, which were widespread in the period of early socialism. New cultural policies were a symbol of turning back to the original Marx’s and Lenin’s writings. In that way, culture was now seen as a mean and way of life, and not only traditional cultural and artistic practices. It was supposed to help workers to overcome the alienation of their work and turn the working place into cultural space as well. There, workers could and should be able to satisfy all their needs: for the consumption of high culture and arts, for creative and artistic self-expression, but also to practice the ideas of solidary, equality and interpersonal relations as basis of self-managerial culture. This paper focuses on comparison of two case studies: Uljanik shipyard in Pula and Jugoturbina turbine factory in Karlovac. They were both industrial giants and economic and social centres of their municipalities, but also had wider, regional importance. Through the analysis of the factory newspapers and reports on cultural changes, successes and failures in the 1970s and 1980s, this paper aims to find out how applicable cultural theories created by Yugoslav intellectuals and cultural policies were.
The first decades of the second half of the 19th century were a turning point in the history of the Habsburg Monarchy. During the wave of changes that affected the Monarchy at the time, including ...modernization, the first workers’ societies were founded in Croatia and Slavonia, an early workers’ movement was formed, and modern political movements such as socialism emerged. Starting from contextualization, the author has analysed the formation and operation of the workers’ movement in Croatia and Slavonia during the 1870s. Contrary to previous research, according to which the political ideology of the workers’ movement was based on the socialism of Karl Marx and the First International, the author argues that the development of socialist thought and political practice of the workers’ movement in this period was largely influenced by the ideas of Ferdinand Lassalle and by contacts with the German working classes. Primarily using contemporary newspapers, as the only medium for disseminating ideas that was widely available at the time, the author has analysed the discourse and the main points of the publicly communicated ideology, highlighting the characteristic patterns that the workers’ and socialist movement in Croatia and Slavonia took over from the writings of Lassalle or from the tradition of Lassallian socialism. The conclusion is that the initially dominant ideology of Lassallian socialism was subsequently upgraded with ideas characteristic of Marx’s view of socialism.
U središtu istraživanja rada proces je festivalizacije Dubrovačkih ljetnih igara u razdoblju od 1949. do 1959. godine, kada se Ljetne igre oblikuju u prepoznatljiv festival jugoslavenskoga i ...međunarodnoga značaja. Na temelju arhivske građe festivala, novinskih članaka i festivalskih publikacija u radu će se djelatnost festivala najprije kontekstualizirati s obzirom na povijesne okolnosti, a zatim će se odgovoriti na istraživačka pitanja vezana uz organizaciju, programski i konceptualni razvoj festivala te njegovu medijsku reprezentaciju u tadašnjim jugoslavenskim novinama.
The paper presents a more detailed explanation of the notion of inaugural paradox which the author investigated in her works Utopia and Inaugural Paradox and The Name of Utopia. The author considers ...it to be an essential notion for the (wrong) understanding of the character of socialist systems that collapsed in the processes of transition. Endorsing a more precise definition of the terms communism and socialism, the author attempts to show the unjustified use of these terms for contemporary political systems and regimes that have nothing to do with the notions because they are a total deviation of their meaning and origin. The paper serves to criticize an inadequate treatment of philosophical and other investigation of the realization of so-called socialist systems, and especially the use of the attribute communist for some countries in media. Finally, the author proposes to use the term inauguralism, next to ideology, and turn it into a category for a critical analysis of the so-called “socialist” systems.
U radu se kritički pristupa poimanju rječnika kao
neutralnog izvora znanja. Rječnik se proučava kao zbirka tragova koje u njemu
ostavljaju autori i sredina u kojoj nastaje. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja ...otkriti kako su se u
jednojezičnim objasnidbenim rječnicima hrvatskoga i češkog jezika odrazile
razlike u društvenom uređenju dviju bivših socijalistički uređenih država: SFRJ
i Čehoslovačke. Provedena je sociolingvistička poredbena analiza prvenstveno
predgovora čeških i hrvatskih rječnika objavljenih tijekom socijalističkog
razdoblja. Posebna pozornost posvećena je dijelovima teksta koji se odnose na
društvenu zbilju i okolnosti nastanka rječnika. Glavna pretpostavka bila je da
će socijalizmu i njegovim utjecajima na leksikografiju više pozornosti biti
posvećeno u češkim rječnicima, dok će hrvatski rječnici u većoj mjeri
obrađivati temu jezika kao indeksa nacionalnoga identiteta.
Analiza dobivenih podataka bolje rasvjetljuje
položaj leksikografske djelatnosti u uspoređivanim društvima i opisuje utjecaje
koje na nju imaju nejezikoslovne (ekonomske, političke, ideološke) okolnosti.
Rezultati potvrđuju hipotezu o prisutnosti teme socijalizma u češkim rječnicima
i teme jezika kao indeksa nacionalnoga identiteta u hrvatskim rječnicima.
This paper
takes a critical approach to understanding a dictionary as a neutral source of
knowledge. A dictionary is studied as a collection of traces left in it by its
authors and the society in which the dictionary is created. The main aim
of this study is to discover how the monolingual explanatory Czech and Croatian
dictionaries reflect differences in social organisation of the two former
socialist republics: Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. A sociolinguistic
comparative analysis of the forewords of Czech and Croatian dictionaries
published during the socialist period was carried out. Special attention was
paid to the parts of the text referring to the social reality and circumstances
related to the creation of each dictionary. The main hypothesis was that in
Czech dictionaries more attention had been dedicated to socialism and its
relations to lexicography, whereas in Croatian dictionaries the topic of language
as an index of national identity had prevailed. The analysis
reveals differences in the status of lexicography in the two societies and
describes extralinguistic (economic, ideological, political) impacts on
lexicography.
The results
confirm the hypothesis that the topic of socialism is prevalent in Czech
dictionaries, as opposed to the subject of nation being more present in
Croatian dictionaries.
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