Reducing the intake of sodium is an important public health goal for Americans. Since the 1970s, an array of public health interventions and national dietary guidelines has sought to reduce sodium ...intake. However, the U.S. population still consumes more sodium than is recommended, placing individuals at risk for diseases related to elevated blood pressure.
Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States evaluates and makes recommendations about strategies that could be implemented to reduce dietary sodium intake to levels recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans . The book reviews past and ongoing efforts to reduce the sodium content of the food supply and to motivate consumers to change behavior. Based on past lessons learned, the book makes recommendations for future initiatives. It is an excellent resource for federal and state public health officials, the processed food and food service industries, health care professionals, consumer advocacy groups, and academic researchers.
NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods has been used to develop a prediction models of the most influential parameters in curing process of two types of hams (140 hams) using different ...salting techniques, lean hams salted on a tray and fatty hams in a tub, in which sodium is partially replaced. Spectral data were examined by principal component analysis and cross-validated calibration equations were developed using partial-least squares regression. Calibration errors for each parameter, obtained from cross validation (RMSECV), were similar to those obtained by reference method. For lean and fatty hams the RMSECV values were: Moisture 0.78% and 0.80; Fat 2.5 and 1.2%; Protein 0.7 and 1.7%; water activity 0.008 and 0.006; Proteolysis Index 1.6 and 1.7%; Sodium 0.11 and 0.10%; and Potassium 0.04 and 0.10. Results allow the prediction of the parameters involved in ham curing process, demonstrating the viability of the proposed method for the control and monitoring of the different stages until obtaining the final product.
•Evaluation of curing process of ham with low sodium content by NIR spectroscopy•Development of prediction models of the influential parameters in ham curing process•NIRS shows viability for control and monitoring of the stages in ham curing process.
The effects of the use of normal and pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) meat on the technological and sensorial quality of restructured cooked hams elaborated with different salt contents (0.8, 1.2, ...1.6, 2.0, and 2.4%) were investigated. A low salt content implied (P < .05) high cooking loss (6.27 vs 3.25%), expressive moisture and C* values and low hardness. Products elaborated with PSE meat had (P < .05) lower cohesiveness, energy to fracture and hue tone colour and higher springiness than did samples elaborated with normal meat. Salty taste perception was slightly higher for the PSE meat-based products, which were also preferred by the assessors when salt contents lower than 1.6% were used. It was concluded that when PSE meat was used, the addition of 1.2% salt was sufficient to maintain the technological and sensory characteristics of the restructured cooked hams.
•PSE meat and salt effects on quality attributes of cooked ham were evaluated.•Lower salt content implied higher water losses and lower hardness.•The textural properties were main affected by the PSE meat use.•Saltiness perception was slightly higher in the PSE meat-based products.•PSE meat-based products with <1.6% salt were preferred.
Um estudo foi realizado sobre a qualidade da água de superfície na Bacia do Acaraú, porção Norte do estado do Ceará, Brasil. Foram avaliados os parâmetros qualitativos da água do Rio Acaraú que ...abastece o projeto de irrigação nessa área. Análise da Componente Principal/Análise do Fator Multivariada foi usada na avaliação da qualidade da água a fim de desenvolver um índice de qualidade de água (IQA) que refletisse os riscos de salinidade e sodicidade do solo bem como a toxicidade por íons específicos às plantas. As amostras de água foram coletadas em dez locais cobrindo toda a bacia no período de abril/2003 e setembro/2005, em que os parâmetros físicos e químicos que contribuem para o IQA foram avaliados. Os resultados mostraram que a águas utilizadas para irrigação na bacia do Acaraú, de acordo com o IQA proposto, são potencialmente propensas a causar problemas de sodicidade e toxicidade ao longo do tempo, se a relação solo-água-planta não for rigorosamente manejada.
There is a rising need to come up with scalable approaches for reducing the salt content in foods. The product structure design is one of the mechanisms to reduce sodium content without impacting the ...taste of food. Here we report a new approach involving modification of the size and structure of common salt using two techniques: spray drying (SD) and electrohydrodynamic atomized drying (ED). We characterized the properties of the SD and ED produced salts; with size ranges of 1.21 μm and 520 nm, 2-fold and a 3-fold increase in saltiness were observed, indicative of around 58.67 and 65.34% reduction in sodium levels respectively, to achieve similar levels of saltiness for control salt. Finally, these findings were supported with time-intensity analysis and dissolution characteristics of these salts, demonstrating a promising approach for reducing sodium content in foods, particularly for surface-salting applications.
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•Nano-sized salt particles showed higher saltiness potency with lesser concentration.•Structural modification improved the dissolution rate of salt particles in saliva.•Nano-sized salt showed the fastest Tmax and highest Imax.•SD and ED salt could reduce sodium content by up to 58.67 and 65.34% respectively.•SD and ED are promising strategies to reduce sodium content in foods.
Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are considered as an economical electrode material for sodium-ion batteries, which can be synthesized on a large scale through a simple and low-cost co-precipitation ...method. The physical parameters of PBAs have a significant impact on their electrochemical performance, among which sodium content is considered one of the key factors affecting electrochemical performance. In this study, PBAs with different sodium contents are prepared using sodium citrate-assisted co-precipitation method, and the influence of sodium content on the electrochemical performance is systematically investigated. Furthermore, the morphological and structural changes of cubic and monoclinic PBAs samples after cycling are studied to explore the intrinsic mechanism of how sodium content affects the electrochemical performance. The study reveals that when the sodium content exceeds 1.5, the structure of PBAs will transfer from cubic phase to monoclinic phase. In terms of electrochemical performance, compared to cubic phase, monoclinic phase samples exhibit higher initial capacity, but lower rate capability and cycling performance, and their cycling stability deteriorates more severely with increasing sodium content. The cubic phase exhibits a more stable crystal structure compared to the monoclinic phase after cycling. During the charge-discharge process, the de-intercalation of excessive sodium ions in monoclinic PBAs leads to structural distortion, triggering the phase transition and resulting in the destruction of the crystal structure, which is the fundamental reason for the influence of sodium content on the electrochemical performance.
•Crystal structure changes from cubic to monoclinic when sodium content exceeds 1.5.•Sodium content plays a crucial role in the decline of electrochemical performance.•The underlying mechanism of electrochemical performance degradation is proposed.
Layered transition metal oxides NaxMO2 (M=transition metal) with P2 or O3 structure have attracted attention in sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs). A universal law is found to distinguish structural ...competition between P2 and O3 types based on the ratio of interlayer distances of the alkali metal layer d(O‐Na‐O) and transition‐metal layer d(O‐M‐O). The ratio of about 1.62 can be used as an indicator. O3‐type Na0.66Mg0.34Ti0.66O2 oxide is prepared as a stable anode for NIBs, in which the low Na‐content (ca. 0.66) usually undergoes a P2‐type structure with respect to NaxMO2. This material delivers an available capacity of about 98 mAh g−1 within a voltage range of 0.4–2.0 V and exhibits a better cycling stability (ca. 94.2 % of capacity retention after 128 cycles). In situ X‐ray diffraction reveals a single‐phase reaction in the discharge–charge process, which is different from the common phase transitions reported in O3‐type electrodes, ensuring long‐term cycling stability.
O3‐type Na0.66Mg0.34Ti0.66O2 oxide is prepared as a stable anode for sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs). This material delivers an available capacity of about 98 mAh g−1 within a voltage range of 0.4–2.0 V and exhibits a better cycling stability (ca. 94.2 % of capacity retention after 128 cycles). In situ XRD results reveal a single‐phase reaction, in contrast to the common phase transitions reported in O3‐type electrodes.
•Five types of NaxMnO2+z are prepared by the rheological phase reaction method.•NaxMnO2+z materials with different sodium contents exhibit rod-shaped, rod-sheet mixed, and sheet-like ...morphology.•Na0.44MnO2 exhibits excellent cyclic stability and high rate capability.•Na0.44MnO2 exhibits a high contribution rate of pseudo capacitance.•In situ XRD testing showed the reversible phase transition of NMO-0.44 material during charge and discharge processes.
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) experience a re-emerging academic interest due to their low cost and high abundance as compared with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) which have considerably increased the worldwide cost due to high actual demand. At present, a representative amount of cathode/anode SIBs materials are developed; facilitating the Na+ insertion mechanism understanding and the respective influence on structure change, which in most cases it is directly related to sodium concentration. In this work, the rheological phase reaction method is used to synthesize five types of NaxMnO2+z materials with different sodium content and use them as the cathode materials for SIBs. The physical properties and electrochemical performances of NaxMnO2+z materials with different concentrations are investigated by physical characterization means, electrochemical tests, and a series of computational methods. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) test results indicate that the right materials have been successfully synthesized, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements show how the changes in sodium concentration significantly impact the morphology of the formed particles. In the results of electrochemical investigations, NMO-0.67 material has a high initial specific discharge capacity, but NMO-0.44 material has a reasonable cycling stability, keeping its discharge specific capacity of 83.06 mAh/g after 1000 cycles at a high current density of 360 mA g−1. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) testing and pseudo-capacitance analyses are also used to disclose the dynamic properties of NMO-0.44 material. In conclusion, the rheological phase reaction approach may be used to successfully create NaxMnO2+z materials, and variations in sodium content have a big impact on their structure and electrochemical performance.
Resumen Los antimicrobianos parenterales son esenciales en el tratamiento de infecciones intrahospitalarias, sin embargo, es importante considerar la carga de sodio y volumen que pueden aportar, ...especialmente, en pacientes con restricción sódica. En el presente estudio se identificaron los antimicrobianos parenterales usados en uno de los hospitales más grandes del Perú. Se revisó la cantidad de sodio intrínseco y se calculó la cantidad de sodio total por día de tratamiento según el régimen frecuentemente usado en adultos. Como resultado, se encontró que 22% de las terapias antimicrobianas superaban el requerimiento de sodio diario, lo que podría ser perjudicial para pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca, enfermedad renal crónica, con cirrosis hepática, entre otros.
It is widely accepted that sodium is an essential nutritional electrolyte and its deficiency is associated with neurological sequelae and poor growth. The provision of an adequate sodium intake to ...preterm neonates is hampered by the technical difficulty in clinically assessing total body sodium content. As addressed in this review, there is a lack of consensus on the definition of hyponatremia early in life, but there is no evidence that it should deviate from the widely accepted normative data for adult subjects. A low urinary sodium content is accepted by many as reflecting total body sodium deficiency, yet spot urinary sodium measurements are of questionable clinical value. The hormonal regulation of sodium homeostasis is here reviewed and the mechanism accounting for sodium deficiency-induced growth impairment in preterm infants addressed. Lastly, we provide evidence-based gestational and postnatal age-dependent recommendations for the provision of adequate sodium intake to preterm neonates.
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