The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) reviewed the safety of 28 soy-derived ingredients as used in cosmetic products. These ingredients are reported to primarily function as ...antioxidants, skin protectants, skin-conditioning agents, and hair-conditioning agents. The Panel considered the available data relating to the safety of these ingredients in cosmetic formulations, and concluded that 24 of the 28 soy-derived ingredients are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment. The Panel also concluded that the available data are insufficient to make a determination that Glycine Max (Soybean) Callus Culture, Glycine Max (Soybean) Callus Culture Extract, Glycine Max (Soybean) Callus Extract, and Glycine Max (Soybean) Phytoplacenta Conditioned Media are safe under the intended conditions of use in cosmetic formulations.
This book examines the changing roles and functions of the soybean throughout world history and discusses how this reflects the complex processes of agrofood globalization. The book uses a historical ...lens to analyze the processes and features that brought us to the current global configuration of the soybean commodity chain. From its origins as a peasant food in ancient China, today the protein-rich soybean is by far the most cultivated biotech crop on Earth; used to make a huge variety of food and industrial products, including animal feed, tofu, cooking oil, soy sauce, biodiesel and soap. While there is a burgeoning amount of literature on how the contemporary global soy web affects large tracts of our planet’s social-ecological systems, little attention has been given to the questions of how we got here and what alternative roles the soybean has played in the past. This book fills this gap and demonstrates that it is impossible to properly comprehend the contemporary global soybean chain, or the wider agrofood system of which it is a part, without looking at both their long and short historical development. However, a history of the soybean and its changing roles within equally changing agrofood systems is inexorably a history about globalization. Not only does this book map out where soybeans are produced, but also who governs, wields power and accumulates capital in the entire commodity chain from inputs in production to consumption, as well as identifying the institutional context the global commodity chain operates within. The book concludes with a discussion of the main challenges and contradictions of the current soy regime that could trigger its rupture and end. This book is essential reading for students, practitioners and scholars interested in agriculture and food systems, global commodity chains, globalization, environmental history, economic history and social-ecological systems.
Increasing population and the expected decrease in crop production due to climate changes and land damage in near future may be rescued by changing from animal meat to plant protein, especially ...soybean protein. Recently, meat substitutes produced from soybean have become popular This book discusses recent advances in research and applications of soybean. Soybean seeds contain an extraordinarily high concentration of protein and oil, and the demand for soybean is increasing due to their nutritional value for both humans and livestock. Also, soybean has been used as biofuel in the replacement of petroleum oil. This book gives a comprehensive overview of soybean in five sections: “Role of Soybean for Food Security”, “Physiology and Biochemistry of Soybean Plants”, “Cultivation and Productivity of Soybean”, “Breeding and Biotechnology of Soybean”, and “Food and Biodiesel Industry”.
Globalizing the Soybean asks how the soybean conquered the West and analyzes why and how the crop gained entry into agriculture and industry in regions beyond Asia in the first half of the twentieth ...century. Historian Ines Prodöhl describes the soybean’s journey centered on three hubs: Northeast China, as the crop’s main growing area up to the Second World War; Germany, to where most of the beans in the interwar period were shipped; and the United States, which became the leading cultivator of soy worldwide during the 1940s. This book explores the German and U.S. adoption of the soybean being closely tied to global economic and political changes, such as the two world wars and the Great Depression. The attraction of the soybean to stakeholders on both sides of the Atlantic was linked to a need for cheap alternatives to butter and lard and a desire for greater quantities of meat, which led to the soybean becoming a cheap resource for fat and fodder. Only occasionally was it also used as food. This volume is useful for anyone who is studying or interested in economic history and commodity trading in the twentieth century. It is also connected to the histories of capitalism, globalization, imperialism, and materiality.
Although research has extensively illustrated the molecular basis of plant responses to salt and high-pH stresses, knowledge on carbonate alkaline stress is poor and the specific responsive mechanism ...remains elusive. We have previously characterized a Glycine soja Ca super(2+)/CAM-dependent kinase GsCBRLK that could increase salt tolerance. Here, we characterize a methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR) B protein GsMSRB5a as a GsCBRLK interactor by using Y2H and BiFc assays. Further analyses showed that the N-terminal variable domain of GsCBRLK contributed to the GsMSRB5a interaction. Y2H assays also revealed the interaction specificity of GsCBRLK with the wild soybean MSRB subfamily proteins, and determined that the BoxI/BoxII-containing regions within GsMSRBs were responsible for their interaction. Furthermore, we also illustrated that the N-terminal basic regions in GsMSRBs functioned as transit peptides, which targeted themselves into chloroplasts and thereby prevented their interaction with GsCBRLK. Nevertheless, deletion of these regions allowed them to localize on the plasma membrane (PM) and interact with GsCBRLK. In addition, we also showed that GsMSRB5a and GsCBRLK displayed overlapping tissue expression specificity and coincident expression patterns under carbonate alkaline stress. Phenotypic experiments demonstrated that GsMSRB5a and GsCBRLK overexpression in Arabidopsis enhanced carbonate alkaline stress tolerance. Further investigations elucidated that GsMSRB5a and GsCBRLK inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation by modifying the expression of ROS signaling, biosynthesis and scavenging genes. Summarily, our results demonstrated that GsCBRLK and GsMSRB5a interacted with each other, and activated ROS signaling under carbonate alkaline stress. Significance Statement Carbonate alkaline stress is a widespread environmental problem that severely restricts crop production. The basic mechanisms used by plants to respond to this stress are less characterized than responses to salt and high-pH stresses. Here we use a wild soybean species that is tolerant to carbonate alkaline stress to describe a methionine sulfoxide reductase that interacts with a previously described protein kinase implicated in stress tolerance, to affect ROS signaling.
The identification of genes that improve the salt tolerance of crops is essential for the effective utilization of saline soils for agriculture. Here, we use fine mapping in a soybean (Glycine max ...(L.) Merr.) population derived from the commercial cultivars Tiefeng 8 and 85–140 to identify GmSALT3 (salt tolerance‐associated gene on chromosome 3), a dominant gene associated with limiting the accumulation of sodium ions (Na⁺) in shoots and a substantial enhancement in salt tolerance in soybean. GmSALT3 encodes a protein from the cation/H⁺exchanger family that we localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and which is preferentially expressed in the salt‐tolerant parent Tiefeng 8 within root cells associated with phloem and xylem. We identified in the salt‐sensitive parent, 85–140, a 3.78‐kb copia retrotransposon insertion in exon 3 of Gmsalt3 that truncates the transcript. By sequencing 31 soybean landraces and 22 wild soybean (Glycine soja) a total of nine haplotypes including two salt‐tolerant haplotypes and seven salt‐sensitive haplotypes were identified. By analysing the distribution of haplotypes among 172 Chinese soybean landraces and 57 wild soybean we found that haplotype 1 (H1, found in Tiefeng 8) was strongly associated with salt tolerance and is likely to be the ancestral allele. Alleles H2–H6, H8 and H9, which do not confer salinity tolerance, were acquired more recently. H1, unlike other alleles, has a wide geographical range including saline areas, which indicates it is maintained when required but its potent stress tolerance can be lost during natural selection and domestication. GmSALT3 is a gene associated with salt tolerance with great potential for soybean improvement.
El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la respuesta animal, calidad de la canal y de la carne de cerdos recriados y engordados con dietas con diferentes niveles de reemplazo de harina de soja por ...expeller de soja. Treinta y seis animales de 40 ± 2 kg de peso vivo (PV) inicial fueron alimentados con 4 dietas isoproteicas (19 y 16 % para recría y engorde, respectivamente) compuestas por maíz, expeller y/o harina de soja y el núcleo vitamínico mineral, determinadas por el porcentaje de inclusión del expeller de soja como oferente proteico en reemplazo de harina de soja. Los tratamientos fueron identificados como: D0: 100 % harina de soja (dieta control); D33: 33,3 % expeller de soja, 66,7 % harina de soja; D66: 66,7 % expeller de soja, 33,3 % harina de soja y la D100: 100 % expeller de soja. Superados los 100 kg de PV se realizó la faena. No se encontraron diferencias ni contrastes significativos (P > 0,05) en los parámetros productivos evaluados. La ganancia media diaria fue de 895,5 ± 0,04 g, el índice de conversión promedio de 2,4 ± 0,33 y el 53 ± 0,86 % de magro. Los tratamientos establecidos no tuvieron efectos significativos (P>0,05) sobre las características físicas de la carcasa. Los valores promedios de pH a los 45 min y 24 h post mortem fueron de 5,95 ± 0,22 y 5,74 ± 0,21, respectivamente. El color se puntúo con 1,96 ± 0,43 y el marmoleado del Longissimus dorsi (LD) se valoró con 2,04 ± 0,54 según las cartillas estándar de National Pork Producers Council (NPPC, 2000), respectivamente. Los perfiles de lípidos del LD y de la grasa subcutánea no fueron afectados por las dietas (P>0,05). Se obtuvieron en promedio un 40 % de AGS, 46 % de AGMI y 14 % AGPI y un 42 % AGS, 37,21 % AGMI y un 19,79 % AGPI para la grasa intramuscular del LD y la grasa subcutánea, respectivamente. El análisis económico de las dietas utilizadas determinó que, en el contexto económico actual, la utilización del expeller de soja disminuye los costos económicos de alimentación sin afectar rendimientos productivos, características de la canal ni calidad de la carne. Director: Franco, Raúl Co-director: Pordomingo, Aníbal Javier
SUMMARY
Recombination is the primary mechanism underlying genetic improvement in populations and allows plant breeders to create new allelic combinations for agronomic improvement. Soybean Glycine ...max (L.) Merr. has gone through multiple genetic bottlenecks that have significantly affected its genetic diversity, linkage disequilibrium, and altered allele frequencies. To investigate the impact of genetic bottlenecks on recombination hotspots in soybeans, historical recombination was studied in three soybean populations. The populations were wild soybean Glycine soja (Sieb. and Zucc.), landraces, and North American elite soybean cultivars that have been genotyped with the SoySNP50K BeadChip. While each population after a genetic bottleneck had an increased average haplotype block size, they did not have a significant difference in the number of hotspots between each population. Instead, the increase in observed haplotype block size is likely due to an elimination of individuals that contained historical recombination at hotspots which decreased the observed rate of recombination for the hotspot after each genetic bottleneck. Conversely, heterochromatic DNA which has an increased haplotype block size compared to euchromatic DNA had a significantly different number of hotspots but not a significant difference in the average hotspot recombination rate. Previously identified genomic motifs associated with hotspots were also associated with hotspots found in the historical populations suggesting a common mechanism. This characterization of historical recombination hotspots in soybeans provides further insights into the effect genetic bottlenecks and selection have on recombination hotspots.
Significance Statement
This manuscript provides a first look into soybean recombination hotspots across three diverse soybean populations. The populations used consist of a wild soybean population, landrace population, and North American elite soybean population. Through comparing the characteristics of the hotspots between the populations, this work provides insights into how selection and the genetic bottlenecks of domestication, introduction, and modern plant breeding have affected recombination hotspots and haplotype block structure in soybeans.
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