Supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS) extraction is gaining attraction as a sample treatment technique because of its great performance in terms of effectiveness, versatility, sample clean-up, quickness, ...cost and sustainability. However, the nature of SUPRASs, being formed by amphiphile molecules, results in poor compatibility with Gas Chromatography (GC). Here, we show the hitherto unexplored development of a SUPRAS with high thermal stability (HTS) suitable for subsequent direct analysis by Headspace (HS)-GC. This novel HTS-SUPRAS, based on poly-undecylenic acid -an oligomeric surfactant-, tetraglyme -a polar aprotic solvent with excellent chemical and thermal stability- and water, was fully characterized in terms of composition and physical properties such as thermal stability. Subsequently, the HTS-SUPRAS developed was further successfully applied, as a proof-of-principle, to the extraction and determination of residual solvents in pharmaceutical drugs, including several solvents (class 2C) whose analysis by HS-GC has been shown to be highly complex. Analytical performance was demonstrated as mandated by the International Council for Harmonisation of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use (ICH). Furthermore, excellent recoveries (70–120%) and high precisions (<20%, expressed as relative standard deviations) were obtained for the analysis of several different drug formulations spiked with the analyzed 37 residual solvents at their respective maximum residue levels.
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•A supramolecular solvent with high thermal stability is described for the first time.•This new solvent is based on poly-undecylenic acid, an oligomeric surfactant.•It opens a new avenue for sample treatment prior to Headspace - Gas Chromatography.•A validated determination of 37 residual solvents in 10 different drugs was achieved.
Large amounts of agri-food by-products, non-edible food, and waste are produced throughout the supply chain from the initial production to the final consumption stages. The valorization of this ...biomass to obtain high value-added compounds has been the focus of extensive research in the last decade. For this purpose, the use of green techniques is essential to reduce the negative impact on the health and the environment. In this review, we discuss the use of green solvents for the valorization of agri-food waste and by-products, and we consider their potential to replace conventional organic solvents in order to provide more environmentally friendly and sustainable processes. The use of supercritical fluids, neoteric (ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents), bio-based, and supramolecular solvents is critically dicussed. Parameters affecting extraction efficiency are detailed for each type of solvent along with advantages and limitations for application at the industrial scale.
This study aimed to investigate the ultrasound‐assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from persimmon (Diospyros kaki) calyx by deep eutectic solvents (DES) with different molar ratios. For this ...reason, the prepared DES extracts’ total phenolic–flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activities (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrilhydrazyl radical scavenging activity DPPH•, Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power FRAP) were investigated as a result of the experimental design and optimization study conducted for this purpose. A sonication time of 20 min was determined as the optimal condition. Under these conditions, a molar ratio of 1.9:1 (lactic acid:choline chloride) and a water ratio of 70% provided the highest phenolic/flavonoid compounds and antioxidative activity. Correlations among water ratio, molar ratio, and sonication time were determined using principal component analysis (PCA). In conditions where total flavonoid compound, FRAP, and DPPH• are high due to PCA, it can be concluded that the sonication time is at high level; on the contrary, the water and molar ratios are at low level. In conclusion, ultrasound‐assisted extraction using DES proved effective in persimmon calyx. Therefore, it can be recommended to use these environmentally friendly green solvents as an alternative to organic solvents in preparing extracts in various fields.
Practical Application
This study shows the effectiveness of the ultrasound‐assisted green extraction method using persimmon calyx specified as waste. These findings are compelling in the food industry in terms of consumers being now aware of green technology and the discovery that calyx is a good source of bioactive compounds.
Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass and food residues to obtain valuable chemicals is essential to the establishment of a sustainable and biobased economy in the modern world. The latest and ...greenest generation of ionic liquids (ILs) are deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs); these have shown great promise for various applications and have attracted considerable attention from researchers who seek versatile solvents with pretreatment, extraction, and catalysis capabilities in biomass- and biowaste-to-bioenergy conversion processes. The present work aimed to review the use of DESs and NADESs in the valorization of biomass and biowaste as pretreatment or extraction solvents or catalysis agents.
In the present study results related to the in vivo administration of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES)-solubilized berberine are reported for the first time. NADES are mixtures of small natural ...compounds having a melting point significantly lower than that of any individual component. Such solvents have gained much attention of the scientific community in the green chemistry area, being considered useful alternatives to common organic solvents. NADES can be used also as administration vehicles, and this can be attractive for nutraceutical products when eutectics are formed with food grade ingredients. In this work, different NADES were prepared using mainly food grade constituents and were tested as solvents for the alkaloid berberine. Three selected NADES/berberine solutions and an aqueous suspension were orally administered to mice with in dose of 50 mg/Kg. Blood levels of berberine were measured by a LC-MS/MS method. The pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a 2-20 fold increase in blood concentration of NADES/berberine with significant changes in pharmacokinetic profile. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents may thus be considered attractive solubilizing agents and may also play a role in the increase of absorption of poorly bioavailable natural products such as berberine.
Combined environmental exposures to the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX) pose clear risks to public health. Research into these risks is ...under-studied even as BTEX levels in the atmosphere are predicted to rise. This review focuses on the available literature using single- and combined-BTEX component inhaled solvent exposures in animal models, necessarily also drawing on findings from models of inhalant abuse and occupational exposures. Health effects of these exposures are discussed for multiple organ systems, but with particular attention on neurobehavioral outcomes such as locomotor activity, impulsivity, learning, and psychopharmacological responses. It is clear that animal models have significant differences in the concentrations, durations and patterns of exposure. Experimental evidence of the deleterious health and neurobehavioral consequences of exposures to the individual components of BTEX were found, but these effects were typically assessed using concentrations and exposure patterns not characteristic of environmental exposure. Future studies with animal models designed appropriately to explore combined BTEX will be necessary and advantageous to discovering health outcomes and more subtle neurobehavioral impacts of long-term environmental exposures.
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•Assay of non-toxic solvent replacement instead of conventional toxic solvents.•Review of alternative green solvents in polymeric membrane fabrication.•Hansen solubility parameters ...evaluation of green solvents for polymer dissolution.•Alcohols, bio-sourced, ILs, DESs and green synthetic organic solvents were reviewed.•Introduction and evaluation of DESs as green solvents for dissolution of polymers.
Increasing consumption of toxic and non-renewable materials forces researchers to replace them with less dangerous, bio-based, and renewable materials. Green chemistry principles are one of the worldwide strategies for reducing the hazardous materials consumption in chemical applications. Although membrane technology has been considered a convenient method for environmental issues such as wastewater treatment, pharmacy, medicine, food and etc., it was addressed as an important technology that should be revised in its fabrication and applications. Polymeric membrane fabrication is the considered section that should satisfy the principles of green chemistry since a wide range of toxic solvents has been generally used for polymer dissolution. Many investigations have been implemented to replace them with less toxic or bio-based solvents mentioned as green solvents. This review is prepared to cover the recent works implemented for membrane fabrication using green solvents as a major solvent for polymer dissolution. The most eminent classification of green solvents can be assigned as water, bio-sourced solvents, ionic liquids (ILs), deep eutectic solvents (DESs), green synthetic organic solvents, and supercritical fluids (SCF). In addition, in this review, the Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) of some DESs are calculated and their possibility as green solvents for polymeric membrane fabrication is indicated.
•DESs were introduced as an alternative to ILs to overcome their drawbacks.•Some authors consider DESs as a subclass of ILs.•DESs and ILs share many properties which allow them to be used in many ...fields of analytical chemistry.•It is very bad practice to consider ILs and DESs terms interchangeable.
Deep eutectic solvents (DES) were introduced as an alternative to ionic liquids (IL) to overcome the drawbacks of IL solvents. However, some authors consider them to be a subclass of ILs. In contrast, other authors emphasize that these are by their nature independent, different groups of substances. Thus, the question arises: Which solvent group should DESs belong to? Maybe a new class should be added to the existing ones. The aim of this work is to attract the attention of researchers using DES in their studies to the need for a proper use of terms.
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