The use of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents in biomedical applications has grown dramatically in recent years due to their unique properties and their inherent tunability. This review will ...introduce ionic liquids and deep eutectics and discuss their biomedical applications, namely solubilization of drugs, creation of active pharmaceutical ingredients, delivery of pharmaceuticals through biological barriers, stabilization of proteins and other nucleic acids, antibacterial agents, and development of new biosensors. Current challenges and future outlooks are discussed, including biocompatibility, the potential impact of the presence of impurities, and the importance of understanding the microscopic interactions in ionic liquids in order to design task‐specific solvents.
This review covers historical and recent advances of ionic liquids within the field of biomedicine. The article focuses on solubilization of drugs, active pharmaceutical ingredient ionic liquids, drug delivery, nanocarriers, protein stabilization, antimicrobial agents, and biosensing. The review also provides the future outlook and challenges for ionic liquids in the field of biomedical science.
Hyaluronan (HA) is a natural polysaccharide occurring ubiquitously in the connective tissues of vertebrates widely used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutic industries. In numerous applications HA ...oligosaccharides are being chemically modified using reactions incompatible with aqueous solutions, often carried out in water:organic mixed solvents. We carry out molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations of HA oligosaccharides in water:1,4-dioxane and water:tert-butanol mixtures of different compositions. HA molecule causes a separation of the solvent components in its surroundings, especially in tert-butanol containing solutions, constituting thus a solvation shell enriched by water. Furthermore, interactions with ions are stronger than in pure water and depend on the solvent composition. Consequently, the dynamics of the HA chain varies with the solvent composition and causes observable conformational changes of the HA oligosaccharide. Composition of mixed solvents thus enables us to modify the interaction of HA with other molecules as well as its reactivity.
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-Resveratrol is a natural bioactive compound with well-recognized health promoting effects. When exposed to UV light, this compound can undergo a photochemically induced
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isomerization and a 6π ...electrochemical cyclization with the subsequent formation of 2,4,6-trihydroxyphenanthrene (THP). THP is a potentially harmful compound which can exert genotoxic effects. In this work we improved the chromatographic separation and determination of the two resveratrol isomers and of THP by using a non-commercial pentafluorophenyl stationary phase. We assessed the effect of natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) as possible photo-protective agents by evaluating
-resveratrol isomer and THP formation under different UV-light exposure conditions with the aim of enhancing resveratrol photostability and inhibiting THP production. Our results demonstrate a marked photoprotective effect exerted by glycerol-containing NaDES, and in particular by proline/glycerol NaDES, which exerts a strong inhibitory effect on the photochemical isomerization of resveratrol and significantly limits the formation of the toxic derivative THP. Considering the presence of resveratrol in various commercial products, these results are of note in view of the potential genotoxic risk associated with its photochemical degradation products and in view of the need for the development of green, eco-sustainable and biocompatible resveratrol photo-stable formulations.
One of the most important areas of green chemistry is the application of environmentally friendly solvents in catalysis and synthesis. Conventional organic solvents pose a threat to the environment ...due to the volatility, highly flammability, toxicity and carcinogenic properties they exhibit. The recently emerged room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are promising green solvent alternatives to the volatile organic solvents due to their ease of reuse, non-volatility, thermal stability and ability to dissolve a variety of organic and organometallic compounds. This review explores the use of RTILs as green solvent media in olefin metathesis for applications in the oleochemical industry.
Supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS) have progressively become a suitable alternative to organic solvents for sample preparation in chromatographic analysis. The inherent properties of these ...nanostructured solvents (e.g. different polarity microenvironments, multiple binding sites, possibility of tailoring their properties, etc.) offer multiple opportunities for the development of innovative sample treatment platforms not approachable by conventional solvents. In this review, major achievements attained in the combination SUPRAS–chromatography in the last 20 years as well as the challenges that should be addressed in the near future are critically discussed. Among achievements, particular attention is paid to the theoretical and practical knowledge gained that has helped make substantial progress in the area. In this respect, advances in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in SUPRAS formation and SUPRAS–solute interactions driving extractions are discussed, with a view to the setting up of knowledge-based extraction procedures. Likewise, the strategies followed to improve the compatibility of SUPRAS extracts with liquid and gas chromatography and adapt SUPRAS-based extractions to different formats are presented. Ongoing efforts to apply SUPRAS in multicomponent extractions and synthesize tailored SUPRAS for the development of innovative sample treatments are highlighted. Among challenges identified, discussion is focused on the automation of SUPRAS-based sample treatment and the elucidation of SUPRAS nanostructures, which are considered essential for their acceptance in routine labs and the design of tailored SUPRAS with programmed functions.
Graphical abstract
H2 adds reversibly across the metal‐metal bond of (BDI)Ga(H)−Zn(tmeda)(thf)BAr4F (BDI=HC{C(CH3)N(2,6‐iPr2‐C6H3)}2−, TMEDA=N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine, BAr4F−=B(C6H3‐3,5‐(CF3)2)4−). Due to ...the stabilising effect of solvent coordination, hydrogenation products (BDI)GaH2 and (tmeda)ZnH(thf)BAr4F are favoured in THF solution, but THF‐free mixtures of (BDI)GaH2 and (tmeda)ZnH(OEt2)BAr4F are predisposed towards entropically driven dehydrogenation to (BDI)Ga(H)−Zn(tmeda)BAr4F in fluorobenzene solution.
Dihydrogen reversibly adds across the Ga−Zn bond of a heterobimetallic cation. Oxidative addition is favoured in THF solution where the hydrogenation products are stabilized, but in fluorobenzene, reductive elimination of H2 is promoted by the Lewis‐acidic zinc hydride cation.
•A novel guaiacol-based DES pretreatment was established in this study.•Trace AlCl3 addition improved the efficiency of the guaiacol-DES pretreatment.•The pretreatment facilitated the enzymatic ...hydrolysis of WS, bamboo and poplar.
Herein, we established a novel deep eutectic solvent (DES) using lignin-derived guaiacol as hydrogen bond donor (HBD). The sole ChCl/guaiacol system was found to be inefficient for the fractionation of wheat straw (WS), while the incorporation of trace AlCl3 significantly facilitated the degradation of hemicellulose and lignin, resulting in a complete enzymatic digestibility of the pretreated WS. Further, this study revealed that the DES-degraded lignin was readily precipitated during the washing process, and thus hindered the enzymatic hydrolysis of poplar and bamboo (with hydrolysis yield of 42.03% and 71.67%, respectively). Alkali washing offers a possible approach to remove the precipitated lignin, after which a near 100% hydrolysis yield was also obtained for poplar and bamboo.
In this study, a rapid and simple method based on accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was established to determine the levels of aniline in ...soil. The matrix spike recovery rates of aniline were investigated by changing several experimental parameters such as vacuum freeze-drying, accelerated solvent extraction, sample transfer, nitrogen-blowing concentration and solvent exchange. Under optimized pretreatment conditions, the linearity of the method ranged from 0.5 to 20 μg mL
for aniline, and the correlation coefficient was 0.999. Recoveries of aniline from quartz sand and soil ranged from 76% to 98%, while the precision was excellent with average inter-day and intraday values ranging (n = 6) from 3.1% to 7.5% and 2.0% to 6.9%, respectively. The limits of quantification of the method were 0.04 mg kg
. Notably, the results show that the method we developed is simple, fast, low cost and can meet the requirements for the determination of aniline in soil samples, sewage sludge, river and pond sediments.
•Grape skin phenolics were successfully extracted with DES.•DES proved to be more effective extraction solvent compared to methanol.•Microwave or ultrasound extraction methods with DES were ...applied.•Green and efficient extraction of grape skin phenolics was proposed.
Conventional extraction techniques for plant phenolics are usually associated with high organic solvent consumption and long extraction times. In order to establish an environmentally friendly extraction method for grape skin phenolics, deep eutectic solvents (DES) as a green alternative to conventional solvents coupled with highly efficient microwave-assisted and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods (MAE and UAE, respectively) have been considered. Initially, screening of five different DES for proposed extraction was performed and choline chloride-based DES containing oxalic acid as a hydrogen bond donor with 25% of water was selected as the most promising one, resulting in more effective extraction of grape skin phenolic compounds compared to conventional solvents. Additionally, in our study, UAE proved to be the best extraction method with extraction efficiency superior to both MAE and conventional extraction method. The knowledge acquired in this study will contribute to further DES implementation in extraction of biologically active compounds from various plant sources.
There is growing interest in reducing the number of synthetic products or additives and replacing them with natural ones. The pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries are especially focused on ...natural and bioactive chemicals isolated from plants or microorganisms. The main challenge here is to develop efficient and ecological methods for their isolation. According to the strategies and rules of sustainable development and green chemistry, green solvents and environmentally friendly technologies must be used. The application of deep eutectic solvents as efficient and biodegradable solvents seems to be a promising alternative to traditional methods. They are classified as being green and ecological but, most importantly, very efficient extraction media compared to organic solvents. The aim of this review is to present the recent findings on green extraction, as well as the biological activities and the possible applications of natural plant ingredients, namely, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenes, saponins, and some others. This paper thoroughly reviews modern, ecological, and efficient extraction methods with the use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The newest findings, as well as the factors influencing the efficiency of extraction, such as water content, and hydrogen bond donor and acceptor types, as well as the extraction systems, are also discussed. New solutions to the major problem of separating DESs from the extract and for solvent recycling are also presented.
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