Cultural Capitals Newman, Karen
2021, 2007, 2021-06-08, 20070101
eBook
Social theories of modernity focus on the nineteenth century as the period when Western Europe was transformed by urbanization. Cities became thriving metropolitan centers as a result of economic, ...political, and social changes wrought by the industrial revolution. In Cultural Capitals, Karen Newman demonstrates that speculation and capital, the commodity, the crowd, traffic, and the street, often thought to be historically specific to nineteenth- century urban culture, were in fact already at work in early modern London and Paris. Newman challenges the notion of a rupture between premodern and modern societies and shows how London and Paris became cultural capitals. Drawing upon poetry, plays, and prose by writers such as Shakespeare, Scudéry, Boileau, and Donne, as well as popular materials including pamphlets, ballads, and broadsides, she examines the impact of rapid urbanization on cultural production. Newman shows how changing demographics and technological development altered these two emerging urban centers in which new forms of cultural capital were produced and new modes of sociability and representation were articulated. Cultural Capitals is a fascinating work of literary and cultural history that redefines our conception of when the modern city came to be and brings early modern London and Paris alive in all their splendor, squalor, and richness.
Bringing together well-established interdisciplinary scholars - including geographers Phil Hubbard, Chris Philo and Hester Parr, and sociologists Jenny Hockey, Mike Hepworth and John Urry - and a new ...generation of researchers, this volume presents a wide range of innovative studies of fundamentally important questions of emotion. Following an overarching introduction, three interlinked sections elaborate key intersections between emotions and spatial concepts, on which each chapter offers a particular take informed by substantive research. At the heart of the collection lies a commitment to convey how emotions always spill over from one domain to another, as well as to illuminate the multiplicity of spaces that produce and are produced by emotional life. The book demonstrates the richness that an interdisciplinary engagement with the emotionality of socio-spatial life generates.
Planning and management needs up-to-date, easily-obtainable and accurate information on the spatial and social aspects of visitor behaviour in order to balance human use and impacts, and protection ...of natural resources in public parks. We used a web-based public participation GIS (PPGIS) approach to gather citizen data on visitor behaviour in Helsinki's Central Park in order to aid collaborative spatial decision-making. The study combined smartphone GPS tracking, route drawing and a questionnaire to examine differences between user groups in their use of formal trails, off-trail behaviour and the motivations that affect it. In our sample (n = 233), different activity types were associated with distinctive spatial patterns and potential extent of impacts. The density mapping and statistical analyses indicated three types of behaviour: predominantly on or close to formal trails (runners and cyclists), spatially concentrated off-trail behaviour confined to a few informal paths (mountain bikers), and dispersed off-trail use pattern (walkers and dog walkers). Across all user groups, off-trail behaviour was mainly motivated by positive attraction towards the environment such as scenic view, exploration, and viewing flora and fauna. Study findings lead to several management recommendations that were presented to city officials. These include reducing dispersion and the spatial extent of trampling impacts by encouraging use of a limited number of well-established informal paths away from sensitive vegetation and protected habitats.
•Spatial use patterns and motives of different recreational groups were examined.•Identified on-trail, spatially concentrated off-trail and dispersed off-trail use.•Off-trail behaviour was mostly influenced by activity type and attraction to nature.•GPS tracking, route drawing and questionnaire provide useful spatial behaviour data.
Although the proliferation of the wild boar in Europe makes capturing and handling necessary for both management and research, the behavioural responses of this species to capture are still unknown. ...We evaluated how capture affects wild boar behaviour during the first 30 days after the release, focusing on the animals' total activity, mobility and activity rhythms and their variation in response to different drug mixtures used for sedation. Low levels of activity and mobility characterized the first 10 post-capture days. After this period, a gradual restoring of stable levels occurred. Wild boar captured by using different drug mixtures exhibited slightly different patterns of activity depression. We also showed capture to produce a partial effect on wild boar behavioural rhythmicity. Our findings highlight the case study variability of the capture effect and offer useful insights into several conservation and management implications.
Playing outdoors is beneficial for children's development and learning. Investigating how children's play varies in different types of outdoor environments can offer valuable insight to better ...support their development. As part of a larger comprehensive study examining the impact of naturalizing outdoor play environments, this article focuses on investigating young children's physical activity levels and movements on equipment-based and a naturalized outdoor play environments at a licensed early childhood education and care setting. Through a quasi-experimental mixed method design, the present study used wrist- and hip-worn accelerometers as well as spatial behaviour mapping to investigate the level of physical activity and movement between the two types of outdoor play environments. Findings from the accelerometer data indicated a significant decrease in moderate-vigorous physical activity, and a significant increase in sedentary behaviour in the naturalized outdoor play environment. Spatial behaviour mapping revealed that this decrease in physical activity post-naturalization could be due to children engaging in longer periods of more clustered (i.e., multiple experiences in a similar area) play interactions and experiences on the naturalized outdoor play environment compared to the equipment-based environment. This research is valuable for considering how children's more holistic development could be supported on a naturalized outdoor play environment to inform pedagogical and policy decisions.
•Naturalized playgrounds may support lower physical activity levels.•Longer play pauses and interactions were observed on the naturalized playgrounds.•More clustered play interactions were observed on the naturalized playgrounds.•Naturalized playgrounds may support more engagement in holistic outdoor play.
•We introduce an innovative habitat selection framework for marine tracking data.•Coastal fringing vegetation drives space use in a juvenile elasmobranch.•Juvenile sharks avoid once-pristine areas, ...now human coastal development sites.•Establish shark behaviour as indicator of habitat quality and area for protection.•Findings have regional and global implications for the management of coastlines for sharks.
Nearshore environments represent important habitat for many marine vertebrates during their early-life stages. Globally, these coastal sites are impacted by human activities that have the potential to negatively impact biodiversity in ways we do not yet fully appreciate. To improve our understanding of the relevance of mangrove removal in tropical elasmobranch nursery grounds, we studied the globally Vulnerable lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris) in a mangrove-fringed lagoon in Bimini, The Bahamas, following a decade of coastal development and habitat disruption. We used two years of acoustic telemetry detections and generalised linear mixed models (GLMMs) to evaluate the link between juvenile shark spatial behaviour and six features of their physical environment. AIC-adjusted model-averaged predictions of habitat selection demonstrated that distance from the central mangrove forest was the most important feature for sharks. After updating model averaging to account for overall preference for proximity to the central forest, we found that medium density seagrass was secondarily preferred over all other habitat types (bare sand, sargassum, urban and rocky outcrops, and deep water) within the core use area (probability of use ≥ 50 %). Locally, our results support including this core area in future marine protected area considerations. More broadly, in the face of rapid global population declines of many elasmobranchs and wide-spread habitat fragmentation in coastal marine nurseries, we identified widely applicable habitat features underpinning an area of high ecological significance for a threatened shark during a vulnerable life stage and outlined a habitat selection framework suitable for using marine vertebrate movement data as ecological indicators for future applied conservation.
A quasi-static approximation is studied of linearised nonhomogeneous anisotropic compressible thermoelasticity on a non-compact region. Differential inequalities are constructed which under ...appropriate conditions lead to algebraic spatial growth and decay estimates for various cross-sectional and volume measures of the temperature, displacement and their spatial gradients.
•We examine monthly human spatial behaviour over a 12-month period.•We use mobile phone call detail records as a novel data source.•Our proposed approach is able to capture longitudinal human spatial ...behaviour.•We provide a set of new insights on monthly variances in human spatial behaviour.
Human activity-travel behaviour (ATB) is a complex pattern of paths and activities in space and time. Studies indicate that ATB is the construction of daily habitual, weekly, monthly and seasonal routines together with strong variety seeking behaviour. Daily habitual travel patterns are usually taken as a basis, but for transportation planners more knowledge is needed on longitudinal trends in human ATB. Empirical data on prolonged perspective are hard to come by while mobile phone based call detail records could be one means of narrowing this research gap. By implementing this method, the present study attempts to provide new insights on individual monthly spatial travel behaviour. Using call detail records obtained from a set of anonymous mobile phone users, we examined their activity locations and activity spaces for 12 consecutive months. We found modest monthly variation in the number of activity locations, whereas there were great variations in the sizes of individual activity spaces. The monthly variation in individual spatial behaviour is explained up to 17% by seasonality, although the variance is predominantly attributed to individual factors and results indicate significant intrapersonal monthly variability. Findings suggest new avenues for future work on ATB from a longitudinal perspective.
Polygamous species vary in alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) in relation to individual or environmental factors. Individuals may adopt fixed ARTs consistently across years, or may show flexible ...behaviour, changing tactic in different years. Different cost–benefit trade-offs should occur in relation to the adoption of each ART, possibly also influencing spatial behaviour and thus leading to alternative spatial tactics. Fixed ARTs are rare in mammals, whereas environmental variability is expected to favour flexibility in ARTs. We evaluated the potential for fixed versus flexible ARTs, and their correspondence with different spatial tactics, in a polygynous herbivore, the Alpine chamois, Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra. We collected data on mating behaviour of 31 individually recognizable adult males during five rutting seasons and on their spatial behaviour throughout the same years. Fifteen males were classified as territorial and 16 as nonterritorial. No individual changed ART during our research. Moreover, we report a previously undocumented occurrence of different patterns of spatial behaviour across territorial males. Half of these individuals had overlapping or continuous winter and summer ranges, whereas the others moved between different areas (in winter, immediately after the rut, or between summer and autumn). No differences between males adopting diverse ARTs were found in age or body mass, or in their respective frequencies of intrasexual aggressive interactions. On the other hand, territorial males, dominant over nonterritorial individuals in aggressive interactions, had more mating opportunities than nonterritorial ones. Further work should test for the consistency of our results across broader spatial and temporal scales, as well as species. Differences in key aspects of behaviour (e.g. space use) and life history (e.g. reproductive success) would help explain ART evolution and coexistence in a population. If ARTs were fixed in male chamois, neither ART should have been selected against long enough to determine its extinction, over evolutionary times.
•Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) have been described in male Alpine chamois.•Almost 50% of adult males were territorial and the others were nonterritorial.•No individual changed ART during our study, suggesting fixed ARTs in mature males.•Age and body size are not determinants of the adoption of ARTs in adult chamois.•We report two spatial behaviours in territorial males: residents versus migrants.
Social insects exhibit coordinated behaviour without central control. Local interactions among individuals determine their behaviour and regulate the activity of the colony. Harvester ants are ...recruited for outside work, using networks of brief antennal contacts, in the nest chamber closest to the nest exit: the entrance chamber. Here, we combine empirical observations, image analysis and computer simulations to investigate the structure and function of the interaction network in the entrance chamber. Ant interactions were distributed heterogeneously in the chamber, with an interaction hot-spot at the entrance leading further into the nest. The distribution of the total interactions per ant followed a right-skewed distribution, indicating the presence of highly connected individuals. Numbers of ant encounters observed positively correlated with the duration of observation. Individuals varied in interaction frequency, even after accounting for the duration of observation. An ant's interaction frequency was explained by its path shape and location within the entrance chamber. Computer simulations demonstrate that variation among individuals in connectivity accelerates information flow to an extent equivalent to an increase in the total number of interactions. Individual variation in connectivity, arising from variation among ants in location and spatial behaviour, creates interaction centres, which may expedite information flow.
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