The recruitment and retention of voluntary referees is challenging for nonprofit sport organizations. This study examines the trickle-down effect of role models on the retention of already active ...referees and the recruitment of new referees in German football (soccer). Secondary panel data on the number of referees and role models (i.e., referees promoted to the status of a Bundesliga or FIFA referee) were collected for the 21 regional football associations. The regression results show that the presence of role models has a statistically significant and positive effect on the number of existing referees. The number of new referees is positively affected by referees who were promoted to the status of a first Bundesliga referee, but not by those promoted to the status of a FIFA referee. The findings suggest that nonprofit sport organizations should capitalize on the effect of role models to a greater extent. Le recrutement et la fidélisation des arbitres bénévoles est difficile pour les organisations sportives à but non lucratif. Cette étude examine l'effet de retombée des exemples à suivre en matière de fidélisation des arbitres déjà actifs et le recrutement de nouveaux arbitres dans le football allemand. Les données d'un panel secondaires sur le nombre d'arbitres et d'exemples (les arbitres promus au statut d'arbitre de Bundesliga ou de la FIFA) ont été collectées pour 21 associations régionales de football. Les résultats de la régression montrent que la présence de modèles a un effet statistiquement significatif et positif sur le nombre d'arbitres existants. Le nombre de nouveaux arbitres est influencé positivement par les arbitres qui ont été promus au statut d'arbitre de Bundesliga, mais pas par ceux qui sont promus au statut d'arbitre FIFA. Les résultats démontrent que les organisations sportives à but non lucratif devraient tirer profit de l'effet des modèles dans une plus large mesure. Die Gewinnung und Bindung von ehrenamtlichen Schiedsrichtern stellt für Non-Profit-Organisationen im Sport eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Diese Studie untersucht den Trickle-Down-Effekt von Vorbildern auf die Bindung bereits aktiver Schiedsrichter und die Anwerbung neuer Schiedsrichter im deutschen Fußball. Es wurden sekundäre Paneldaten zur Anzahl der Schiedsrichter und Vorbilder (d. h. Schiedsrichter, die in den Status eines Bundesliga- oder FIFA-Schiedsrichters befördert wurden) der 21 regionalen Fußball vereine gesammelt. Die Regressionsergebnisse machen deutlich, dass das Vorhandensein von Vorbildern einen statistisch signifikanten und positiven Effekt auf die Anzahl der vorhandenen Schiedsrichter hat. Schiedsrichter, die in den Status eines 1. Bundesliga-Schiedsrichters befördert wurden, wirkten sich positiv auf die Zahl neuer Schiedsrichter aus; nicht jedoch die Schiedsrichter, die zu FIFA-Schiedsrichtern befördert wurden. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass Non-Profit-Organisationen vermehrt auf den Effekt von Vorbildern bauen sollten. El reclutamiento y retención de árbitros voluntarios es un desafío para las organizaciones deportivas sin ánimo de lucro. El presente estudio examina el efecto goteo de modelos de rol en la retención de árbitros ya activos y el reclutamiento de nuevos árbitros en el fútbol alemán. Se recopilan datos secundarios de panel sobre el número de arbitros y modelos de rol (es decir, árbitros promovidos al estatus de un árbitro de la FIFA o de la Bundesliga) para las 21 asociaciones regionales de fútbol. Los resultados de regresión muestran que la presencia de modelos de rol tiene estadísticamente efecto positivo y significativo sobre el número de arbitros existentes. El número de nuevos arbitros se ve afectado de manera positiva por los árbitros que fueron promovidos al estatus de árbitro de la primera Bundesliga, pero no por aquellos promovidos al estatus de arbitro de la FIFA. Los hallazgos sugieren que las organizaciones deportivas sin ánimo de lucro deben capitalizar el efecto de los modelos de rol en mayor medida.
Physical inactivity in adolescents is a pandemic that can lead to long-term medical and social burden. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sports club participation on meeting the World ...Health Organization guidelines of 420minutes of physical activity per week and body weight status in adolescents in Taiwan, where sports club participation rate is lower than that in Western countries.
A nationally representative data of 44,206 junior high school students (19,893 male and 24,313 female) from Student Participation in Physical Activity Survey during 2013–2019 academic years were analyzed. Sports club participation, height and body weight, and weekly duration of physical activity during school semester and summer and winter vacations were self-reported.
Of all responders, 30.6% of the responders participated in sport clubs, who were more likely to meet the recommended physical activity level during the school semester (odds ratio OR, 3.94; 95% confidence interval CI, 3.58–4.33) and summer (OR: 2.52; 95% CI: 2.35–2.71) and winter vacations (OR: 2.66; 95% CI: 2.45–2.88). In addition, participation in sports club is associated with lower likelihood of being underweight (OR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.79–0.90), overweight (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.79–0.90), or obese (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.69–0.84).
This study highlights the importance of sport clubs in promoting physical activity and maintaining normal body weight status in Asian adolescents. Schools and government should increase the number of school-based and out-of-school sport clubs and promote participation.
L’inactivité physique chez les adolescents est une pandémie qui peut entraîner des problèmes médicaux et sociaux à long terme. Cette étude visait à étudier l’effet de la participation à un club sportif sur le respect des directives de l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé, à savoir 420minutes d’activité physique par semaine, et sur le statut pondéral des adolescents à Taïwan, où le taux de participation à un club sportif est inférieur à celui des pays occidentaux.
Un ensemble de données représentatives à l’échelle nationale de 44 206 élèves du premier cycle du secondaire (19 893 élèves de sexe masculin et 24 313 élèves de sexe féminin), issues de l’enquête sur la participation des étudiants à l’activité physique au cours des années scolaires 2013–2019, a été analysé. La participation à un club sportif, la taille et le poids corporel, ainsi que la durée hebdomadaire de l’activité physique pendant le semestre scolaire et les vacances d’été et d’hiver ont été auto déclarés.
Sur l’ensemble des personnes interrogées, 30,6 % participaient à des clubs sportifs et étaient plus susceptibles d’atteindre le niveau d’activité physique recommandé pendant le semestre scolaire (rapport de cotes RC : 3,94; intervalle de confiance IC à 95 %, 3,58–4,33) et les vacances d’été (RC : 2,52 ; IC à 95 %: 2,35–2,71) et d’hiver (RC : 2,66 ; IC à 95 % : 2,45–2,88). En outre, la participation à un club sportif est associée à une plus faible probabilité d’être en sous-poids (RC : 0,84 ; IC à 95 % : 0,79–0,90), en surpoids (RC : 0,85 ; IC à 95 % : 0,79–0,90) ou obèse (RC : 0,76 ; IC à 95 % : 0,69–0,84).
Cette étude souligne l’importance des clubs sportifs dans la promotion de l’activité physique et le maintien d’un statut pondéral normal chez les adolescents asiatiques. Les écoles et le gouvernement devraient augmenter le nombre de clubs sportifs scolaires et extrascolaires, et promouvoir la participation à ces clubs.
This study examines the nature and incidences of occupational fraud in community sport organisations (CSOs) as reported in media coverage from Australia, Canada, Germany, and the United States from ...2008−2018. Using the fraud diamond framework, the main indicators for fraud occurring in CSO's included: incentive (i.e., personal financial struggles, supporting lavish lifestyles, addictions, and mental health issues); opportunity (i.e., access to organisational accounts, insufficient financial control mechanisms, vacancy in key positions, singular role responsibilities, and perceived trustworthiness of club leaders), rationalisation (i.e., denial of responsibility, good intentions, and self-justification), and capability (i.e., educated professionals and learned advantage). The findings showed that individuals who committed various forms of occupational fraud typically held the trusted volunteer positions of treasurer or president. The research offers a new understanding of the global nature of fraud and its risk indicators within the CSO context, and begins to identify how CSOs might be susceptible to fraud, thereby articulating a future research agenda to explore fraud vulnerability in CSOs. In practice, this study offers important insights for anti-fraud strategies and training in the community sport sector.
Community sport organisations (CSOs) like many nonprofits are susceptible to fraud.
The paper outlines the global nature of fraud across Australia, Germany, Canada, and the U.S.
Perpetrators are trusted volunteers in positions such as president and treasurer.
Fraud is driven by pressure, opportunity, capability, and rationalization.
This research, which draws upon the new institutionalist approach, investigates the changing dominant logics of voluntary sport clubs in Finland. Data were collected by conducting 41 semi-structured ...expert interviews with sport clubs and obtaining club documents. Results reveal a widening range of roles, networks, and participant pathways, as well as an increasingly formalised operation and diversified language-use. As a result, many clubs have experienced challenges in maintaining their legitimacy when operating in new domains that diverge from their traditional operations. The findings reflect growing expectations placed upon sport clubs and their shifting roles across the public, private and third sectors. Further, it is argued that understanding the logics of all three sectors have become necessary in order for sport clubs to run successfully. The findings will be of interest to federations, institutes providing tertiary education, as well as to clubs that are in the process of refining their profile.
This study examines the prevalence of fraud occurrences in community sport organizations (CSOs) and compares the organizational characteristics of CSOs that have and have not experienced fraud. The ...empirical analysis relies on online survey data gathered in Canada, the United States, Australia, and Germany (n = 1256). Respondents were asked if organizational fraud had occurred in their CSO in the last ten years. In the full sample, 12.2% of organizations had experienced some type of fraud. The results showed occurrences of fraud were significantly higher among organizations that support the local community, have a high annual budget, possess grant income, and perform large and complex financial transactions and among those who lacked policies for handling assets and cash. In contrast, occurrences of fraud were significantly lower in organizations with a relatively small annual budget, a plan for the education and professional development of board members, and at least two individuals handling cash or checks. The analyses of geographic subsamples not only partially echoes the results for the full sample, but also shows further significant differences. The findings reveal that fraud occurrence across subsamples does not follow a clear pattern, demonstrating that prevention measures should be tailored based on geographic and organizational context.
This paper refers to the widespread notion that voluntary (sport) organizations produce social capital, popularized through the works of Robert D. Putnam, and compares social trust levels of sport ...club members with members in other voluntary associations and non-members. We differentiate between in-group trust and out-group trust, highlighting that not only the level of trust but also the “trust radius” counts for social cohesion in modern societies. Refining Putnam’s claims, we argue that social trust among members varies with the quality and intensity of participation captured (for instance, through volunteering), diverse social contacts and the level of membership trust experienced in an association. Based on a nation-wide survey, carried out in Germany during 2017/2018, it is demonstrated that members of civic associations indicate higher levels of trust towards in-groups and out-groups compared to non-members and they regard present society as more solidary and trusting. A fine-grained analysis among members of associations further shows that increased trust is typical for volunteers and individuals in socially diverse associations which, at the same time, are characterized by high levels of membership trust. We conclude that sports clubs need to provide beneficial context conditions for producing high levels and a wider radius of trust.
After the long summer of migration, strong social and political movements of solidarity with and resistance against refugees developed in Europe. Expressions of solidarity and resistance were also ...recognisable in the sport system, especially in voluntary sport clubs (VSCs). As a result of this observation, the following article addresses the question: “Which organisational conditions of VSCs promote or hinder the implementation of sport activities for refugees?” To this aim, the article analyses and discusses the results of three research projects concerning sport offers for refugees in Germany. The interview material (n=49) collected in these projects was examined through the qualitative technique of thematic analysis and interpreted through a systems theoretical framework. The results show that conditions which promote and hinder the implementation of sport offers for refugees were identified in all formal (decision programmes, communication channels, and human resources) and informal (organisation culture) decision premises. Furthermore, the implementation of sport offers for refugees is particularly dependent on human resources within the sport clubs. The data show that the resolute will of individuals or small groups of people is highly relevant for the implementation of these sport offers. Finally, when it comes to organizing support for refugees, VSCs display an unexpected dynamic and a high capacity to mobilise resources within a short period of time. The discussion reflects these results and articulates strategies to safeguard, foster, and facilitate the social engagement of VSCs in relation to refugees.
This study is the basis for theoretical considerations on the functioning of volleyball club business models. The analyzed object is Piłka Siatkowa AZS UWM S.A. in Olsztyn, operating under the ...Indykpol AZS Olsztyn brand. In the described case, an analysis of the functioning of the volleyball club functioning at the highest league level was made. The article discusses the construction of a volleyball club in accordance with the requirements of the organizer of the competition. The aim of the study was also to identify and analyze the management methods of the sports club in the context of the available budget, its components and organizational structure. The study was conducted using the monographic method, in which the interview was used, supplemented with the analysis of documents and information obtained from the Profesjonalna Liga Piłki Siatkowej S.A. and Piłka Siatkowa AZS UWM S.A. The research also focuses on the comparison of the current situation with the results obtained in 2013 and presented in the study entitled Management of the Sports Club on the example of Indykpol AZS Olsztyn.
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