Background. Lyme borreliosis disease results from infection by members of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. The most common clinical presentation of Lyme borreliosis is erythema migrans ...(EM). To gain knowledge of the epidemiological parameters and the risk factors of EM in Slovenia, a survey has been carried out in 2010.
Methods. A short anonymous and self-administrated questionnaire was sent to 4917 notified EM patients in 2010, aiming to collect epidemiological data and assess socio-economic determinants in patients with EM.
Results. Three thousand and five (61%) patients with EM returned completed questionnaires. One thousand and nine hundred twenty-nine (74%) patients noted the tick where the EM developed. The tick bite was most often located on the legs in adults and in the head/neck area in children. The time that elapsed before the tick has been removed increased significantly with age. The attached tick was most frequently overlooked in preschool children. Nearly 70% of patients believed that they contracted the infection with borrelia near home. Infection away from their permanent residence was more often the case in those with a higher level of education and in 15-49 age groups. Compared to the Slovenian general population over 14 years of age, those with a higher level of education, the unemployed and farmers were overrepresented among the EM patients.
Conclusions. The risk of Lyme borreliosis is widespread in Slovenia, with some areas more affected then others. Determinants of exposure to infected ticks are different, and depend on the socio-economic status and demographic characteristics.
Izhodišče. Lymska borelioza je posledica okužbe z bakterijami kompleksa Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Erythema migrans (EM) je najpogostejša klinična oblika lymske borelioze. Namen raziskave je bil pridobiti epidemiološke podatke in preučiti socialno-ekonomske značilnosti prijavljenih bolnikov z EM v Sloveniji.
Metode. Kratek anonimni vprašalnik je bil poslan vsem 4917 bolnikom, prijavljenih z diagnozo EM v letu 2010, da bi se zbrali epidemiološki podatki in ocenile socialno-ekonomske determinante.
Rezultati. 3005 (61%) bolnikov z EM je vrnilo popolno ali delno izpolnjene vprašalnike. 1929 bolnikov (74%) je navedlo, da se je EM pojavil na mestu predhodnega vboda klopa. Vbod klopa je bil največkrat na nogah pri odraslih in v predelu glave ali vratu pri otrocih. Čas od vboda klopa do njegove odstranitve je bil značilno daljši pri starejših, pogosteje pa so ga spregledali pri predšolskih otrocih kot pri odraslih bolnikih. Približno 70% bolnikov z EM je menilo, da so se z borelijo okužili v bližini doma. Okužba zunaj kraja stalnega prebivališča je bila pogostejša pri tistih z višjo stopnjo izobrazbe in v starostni skupini 15-49 let. V primerjavi s strukturo slovenskega prebivalstva nad 14 let je bilo med bolniki z EM več tistih z višjo stopnjo izobrazbe, brezposelnih in kmetov.
Zaključek. Lymska borelioza je v Sloveniji zelo razširjena, pri čemer je primerov več v nekaterih predelih. Determinante izpostavljenosti okuženim klopom so različne in odvisne od socialnoekonomskega statusa in demografskih značilnosti.
Introduction. Even brief episodes of fecal contamination of drinking water can lead directly to illness in the consumers. In water-borne outbreaks, the connection between poor microbial water quality ...and disease can be quickly identified. The impact of non-compliant drinking water samples due to E. coli taken for regular monitoring on the incidence of notified acute gastrointestinal infections has not yet been studied.
Methods. The objective of this study was to analyse the geographical distribution of notified acute gastrointestinal infections (AGI) in Slovenia in 2010, with hotspot identification. The second aim of the study was to correlate the fecal contamination of water supply system on the settlement level with the distribution of notified AGI cases. Spatial analysis using geo-information technology and other methods were used.
Results. Hot spots with the highest proportion of notified AGI cases were mainly identified in areas with small supply zones. The risk for getting AGI was drinking water contaminated with E. coli from supply zones with 50-1000 users: RR was 1.25 and significantly greater than one (p-value less than 0.001).
Conclusion. This study showed the correlation between the frequency of notified AGI cases and noncompliant results in drinking water monitoring.
Uvod. Tudi kratkotrajna obdobja fekalne kontaminacije pitne vode lahko pri uporabnikih povzročijo bolezen. Povezavo med slabo mikrobiološko kvaliteto pitne vode in boleznijo lahko hitro odkrijemo med hidričnimi izbruhi. Vpliv zaradi prisotnosti E.coli neskladnih vodnih vzorcev, odvzetih v okviru rednega monitoringa, na incidence akutnih gastroenterokolitisov še ni raziskan.
Metode. Cilj raziskave je bil analizirati geografsko razporeditev prijavljenih akutnih gastroenterokolitisov (AGI) v Sloveniji v letu 2010 in določiti mesta, kjer se ti kopičijo. Drugi cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti, ali obstaja korelacija med fekalno kontaminacijo vodnih virov in porazdelitvijo prijavljenih primerov AGI. V ta namen smo naredili prostorsko analizo ter uporabili geoinformacijsko tehnologijo in druge metode.
Rezultati. Mesta kopičenja z najvišjim deležem prijavljenih primerov AGI so na območjih z majhnimi vodooskrbnimi sistemi. Tveganje, da zbolimo za AGI, če smo pili vodo, kontaminirano z E.coli, na vodooskrbnih območjih s 50-1000 uporabniki, je znašalo 1,25 in je bilo signifikantno višje od 1 (p ≤ 0,001).
Zaključek. Raziskava je pokazala korelacijo med pogostostjo prijavljenih primerov AGI in neskladnimi vzorci pitne vode v okviru monitoringa pitne vode.
Uvod. Tudi kratkotrajna obdobja fekalne kontaminacije pitne vode lahko pri uporabnikih povzročijo bolezen. Povezavo med slabo mikrobiološko kvaliteto pitne vode in boleznijo lahko hitro odkrijemo med ...hidričnimi izbruhi. Vpliv zaradi prisotnosti E.coli neskladnih vodnih vzorcev, odvzetih v okviru rednega monitoringa, na incidence akutnih gastroenterokolitisov še ni raziskan.
Epidemiological surveillance of gastrointestinal communicable diseases in Slovenia from 1999 to 2009 Introduction: The surveillance of infectious diarrhoea (ID) in Slovenia is based on the Law on ...Communicable Diseases (Official Gazette 33 / 06) and the Act on Registration (Official Gazette 16/99). The incidence of ID is based on passive notification. Methods: The epidemiological situation of infectious diarrhoea in Slovenia from 1999 to 2009 was estimated. The estimation was based on notifications. Results: From 1999 to 2009, the incidence of all ID inclusive of bacterial, viral and unknown etiology increased. The incidence of all ID increased for 61% from 1999 to 2009 in spite of decrease of incidence of bacterial ID. The incidence of viral enteritis increased: the incidence of rotavirus enteritis by 80% and the incidence of norovirus enteritis by 360%. On the contrary, the incidence of bacterial gastroenterocolitis decreased. The decrease in incidence was greatest for salmonella ID (71%), then E.coli ID (53%) and campylobacter ID (32%). The average incidence of all ID from 1999 to 2009 was 536 / 100 000 inhabitants. Conclusions: Notifications for all ID comprise a quarter of all the notifications of all infectious diseases and remain an important public health problem. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
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