Pathogenic bacteria invade plant tissues and proliferate in the extracellular space. Plants have evolved the immune system to recognize and limit the growth of pathogens. Despite substantial progress ...in the study of plant immunity, the mechanism by which plants limit pathogen growth remains unclear. Here, we show that lignin accumulates in Arabidopsis leaves in response to incompatible interactions with bacterial pathogens in a manner dependent on Casparian strip membrane domain protein (CASP)‐like proteins (CASPLs). CASPs are known to be the organizers of the lignin‐based Casparian strip, which functions as a diffusion barrier in roots. The spread of invading avirulent pathogens is prevented by spatial restriction, which is disturbed by defects in lignin deposition. Moreover, the motility of pathogenic bacteria is negatively affected by lignin accumulation. These results suggest that the lignin‐deposited structure functions as a physical barrier similar to the Casparian strip, trapping pathogens and thereby terminating their growth.
Synopsis
Plants employ a multilayered immune system, but the exact mechanisms of how plants restrict pathogen growth remain unclear. In this study, the phenolic polymer and cell wall component lignin is shown to form a mechanical barrier against avirulent pathogens, thereby conferring disease resistance in plants.
Lignification is induced during incompatible plant‐pathogen interactions in Arabidopsis.
Lignin spatially restricts and encompasses bacteria in the extracellular space
Lignin deposition enhances disease resistance.
Casparian strip organizer proteins CASPL1D1 and CASPL4D1 are required for pathogen‐induced lignification.
Lignin deposition is required for innate immune defense during incompatible plant‐pathogen interactions in a manner dependent on Casparian strip organizer proteins.
Membrane-based lateral flow immunochromatographic strip (LFICS) is widely used in various fields because of its simplicity, rapidity (detection within 10min), and low cost. However, early designs of ...membrane-based LFICS for preliminary screening only provide qualitative (“yes/no” signal) or semi-quantitative results without quantitative information. These designs often suffer from low-signal intensity and poor sensitivity and are only capable of single analyte detection, not simultaneous multiple detections. The performance of existing techniques used for detection using LFICS has been considerably improved by incorporating different kinds of nanoparticles (NPs) as reporters. NPs can serve as alternative labels and improve analytical sensitivity or limit of detection of LFICS because of their unique properties, such as optical absorption, fluorescence spectra, and magnetic properties. The controlled manipulation of NPs allows simultaneous or multiple detections by using membrane-based LFICS. In this review, we discuss how colored (e.g., colloidal gold, carbon, and colloidal selenium NPs), luminescent (e.g., quantum dots, up-converting phosphor NPs, and dye-doped NPs), and magnetic NPs are integrated into membrane-based LFICS for the detection of target analytes. Gold NPs are also featured because of their wide applications. Different types and unique properties of NPs are briefly explained. This review focuses on examples of NP-based LFICS to illustrate novel concepts in various devices with potential applications as screening tools. This review also highlights the superiority of NP-based approaches over existing conventional strategies for clinical analysis, food safety, and environmental monitoring. This paper is concluded by a short section on future research trends regarding NP-based LFICS.
•This review discusses how various novel nanoparticles improve the performance of traditional LFICS.•This review illustrates some novel concepts in various nanoparticles integrated devices as excellent screening methods.•This review also provides a short future trends section on NPs-based LFICS.
Shape setup model (SSM) plays a critical role to achieve satisfactory precision of strip shape in hot strip mill process (HSMP). However, for the design of shape model, the lack of systematic shape ...theory restricts the high accuracy of strip shape. In this paper, the procedure of SSM will be generally introduced and practically demonstrated with a real HSMP producing system. The mechanism of shape modeling and design strategy of SSM is introduced. Special concentration is placed on modeling and calculating the thermal extension and wear of the roll, and mathematical model of roll gap profile is set up on this basis. Then the mechanism of strip profile and flatness is introduced by revealing the shape forming process. Furthermore, the setup strategy of SSM is proposed, whose target is to calculate reference values for shape control actuators. The other focus of this paper concerns on the applicable issue of SSM integrated with the presented design approach. An Ansteel 1,700-mm HSMP line will be employed for the experimental background.
The discovery of highly active and cost-effective materials capable of catalyzing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential for water splitting. In the present study, we developed a new method ...for producing the structural components of advanced non-precious metal electrocatalysts NiS/CeS nanocomposite supported on stainless steel strip (SSS) represented as NiS/CeS/SSS that are both innovative and practical. To accomplish a current density of 10 mA cm
−2
, the NiS/CeS/SSS requires OER overpotential of 289 mV, which is smaller than the pure NiS/SSS (319 mV) and CeS/SSS (309 mV), and with enhanced stability of 40 h tested in 1.0 M KOH electrolyte. The higher efficiency of OER is due to the strong electrical contacts between NiS/SSS and CeS/SSS, the availability of active centers, and also the lower charge transfer resistance.
During the geomagnetic storm on 3–6 November 2021, the in‐situ plasma density and the gridded total electron content (TEC) maps registered a persistent presence of the strip‐like bulges (electron ...density enhancement, also known as the shoulders in previous literatures) at lower‐middle latitudes. The observed strip‐like bulge resided in the Pacific‐America‐Atlantic sector and lasted from 07:00 UT on 4 November to 20:00 UT on 6 November. For the first time, the temporal evolution of the 2‐D strip‐like bulge was recorded by gridded TEC maps, though observations were limited over the North American continents. The TEC maps showed a continuous shrinking of the nightside midlatitude plasma band structure right before the presence of the narrow strip‐like bulge. Simultaneous measurements from the Ionospheric Connection Explorer satellite (ICON) revealed an equatorward turning of the field‐aligned ion transportation driven by the disturbance equatorward neutral winds. However, the enhanced fountain effect at low latitudes was not observed during the entire formation phase of the strip‐like bulge. We propose that the storm‐induced enhanced equatorward thermospheric neutral winds push the plasma equatorward along the field lines, and the plasma band structure was developed into the strip‐like bulge. In addition, the ion composition of both the plasma band structure and the strip‐like bulges are dominated by H+, and the maintenance of the strip‐like bulge could be due to the compensation of the downward plasmaspheric content flux.
Key Points
The temporal evolution of the 2‐D strip‐like bulge is recorded on gridded total electron content (TEC) maps
The strip‐like bulge is a consequence of the narrowing midlatitude band structure driven by the disturbance neutral wind
The enhanced equatorial fountain effect is not involved during the formation of the strip‐like bulge
A disposable lateral flow-through strip was developed for smartphone to fast one-step quantitatively detect alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in raw milk. The strip comprises two functional ...components, a conjugation pad loaded with phosphotyrosine-coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs@Cys-Try-p) and a testing line coated with anti-phosphotryosine antibody (anti-Tyr-p mAb). The dephosphorylation activity of ALP at the testing zone can be quantitatively assayed by monitoring the accumulated AuNPs-induced color changes by smartphone camera, thus providing a highly convenient portable detection method. A trace amount of ALP as low as 0.1UL−1 with a linear dynamic range of 0.1–150UL−1 (R2=0.999) in pasteurized milk and raw milk can be one-step detected by the developed flow-through strip within 10min, demonstrating the potential of smartphone-based portable sensing device for pathogen detection. This bio-hazards free lateral flow-through testing strip can be also used to fabricate rapid, sensitive and inexpensive enzyme or immunosensors for broad portable clinic diagnosis and food contamination analysis, particularly in point-of-care and daily food quality inspection.
•A disposable lateral flow strip quantitatively detects alkaline phosphatase in milk.•No biohazard reagent is utilized in strip, avoiding production of harmful wastes.•Smartphone-based image and analyze strengthen the in-field application potential.
Mainstream materials of the railway pantograph strips are carbon composites. They are subject to wear during use, as well as various types of damage. It is important that their operation time is as ...long as possible and that they are not damaged, as it may damage the remaining elements of the pantograph and the overhead contact line. As part of the article, three types of pantographs were tested: AKP-4E, 5ZL, and 150 DSA. They had carbon sliding strips made of MY7A2 material. By testing the same material on different types of current collectors, it was possible to check what impact the wear and damage of the sliding strips has on (among others) the method of their installation, i.e., whether the damage to the strips depends on the type of current collector and what is the participation of damage caused by material defects. As a result of the research, it was found that the type of pantograph on which it is used has an undoubted influence on the damage characteristics of the carbon sliding strips, whereas the damage caused by material defects can be classified as a more general group-the group of damage of a sliding strip, which also includes overburning of a carbon sliding strip.
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