•Self-regulation measures may not capture variability in young children.•The head-toes-knees-shoulders-revised adds a new section to reduce task demands.•The revised task is reliable and valid in ...young children.•The revised task is more related to other self-regulation measures than prior tasks.
Measures of self-regulation may not capture adequate variability in children with low levels of self-regulation. This can limit a measure's ability to accurately demonstrate relations with other variables. The present study addressed this issue with a revised version of the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task (HTKS-R), which includes a new downward extension with reduced task demands. Preschool children (N = 180; 53% Female) enrolled in Head Start programs were tested with the HTKS-R and other self-regulation tasks at 4 time points between fall of preschool and spring of kindergarten. Results demonstrated a substantial increase in variability in children's performance on the HTKS-R compared to prior versions of the task during the fall of preschool, and significant increases in the relation between the HTKS-R and other measures of self-regulation at all 4 time points. Additionally, item factor analyses revealed that the new downward extension captured the same underlying construct as the rest of the measure and that a 1 factor solution was optimal. Together, these findings illustrate that the HTKS-R improves upon prior versions of the task increasing its utility for researchers and practitioners.
Objective: To assess attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in the classroom, most often teacher rating scales are used. However, clinical interviews and observations are ...recommended as gold standard assessment. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the validity of teacher rating scales. Method: Twenty-two studies (N = 3,947 children) assessing ADHD symptoms using teacher rating scale and either semi-structured clinical interview or structured classroom observation were meta-analyzed. Results: Results showed convergent validity for rating scale scores, with the strongest correlations (r = .55–.64) for validation against interviews, and for hyperactive–impulsive behavior. Divergent validity was confirmed for teacher ratings validated against interviews, whereas validated against observations this was confirmed for inattention only. Conclusion: Teacher rating scales appear a valid and time-efficient measure to assess classroom ADHD; although validated against semi-structured clinical interviews, there were only a few studies available. Low correlations between ratings and structured observations of inattention suggest that observations could add information above rating scales.
INTRODUCTIONBehavioural interventions could improve caregivers' food hygiene practices in low-resource settings. So far, evidence is limited to small-scale and short-term studies, and few have ...evaluated the long-term maintenance of promoted behaviours. We evaluated the effect of a relatively large-scale behaviour change intervention on medium and long-term maintenance of household food hygiene practices in Bangladesh.METHODSWe analyse a secondary outcome of the Food and Agricultural Approaches to Reducing Malnutrition (FAARM) cluster-randomised trial and its sub-study Food Hygiene to reduce Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (FHEED), conducted in Habiganj district, Sylhet division, Bangladesh. The FAARM trial used a 1:1 parallel arm design and included 2705 women in 96 settlements: 48 intervention and 48 control. Women in the intervention settlements received training in homestead gardening, poultry rearing and nutrition over three years (2015-2018), complemented by an eight-month (mid-2017 to early-2018) behaviour change component on food hygiene using motivational drivers. Nested within the FAARM trial, the FHEED sub-study evaluated several outcomes along the hygiene pathway. For this article, we evaluated household food hygiene behaviours by analysing structured observation data collected in two cross-sectional surveys, four and 16 months after the food hygiene promotion ended, from two independent subsamples of FAARM women with children aged 6-18 months. We assessed intervention effects on food hygiene practices using mixed-effects logistic regression, accounting for clustering. In exploratory analyses, we further assessed behaviour patterns - how often critical food hygiene behaviours were performed individually, in combination and consistently across events.RESULTSBased on the analysis of 524 complementary feeding and 800 food preparation events in households from 571 participant women, we found that intervention households practised better food hygiene than controls four months post-intervention, with somewhat smaller differences after 16 months. Overall, the intervention positively affected food hygiene, particularly around child feeding: using soap for handwashing (odds ratio 5·8, 95% CI 2·2-15·2), cleaning feeding utensils (3·8, 1·9-7·7), and cooking fresh/reheating food (1·8, 1·1-2·8). However, the simultaneous practice of several behaviours was rare, occurring in only 10% of feeding events (intervention: 15%; control: 4%), and the practice of safe food hygiene behaviours was inconsistent between events.CONCLUSIONOur findings suggest that a motivational behaviour change intervention encouraged caregivers to maintain certain safe food hygiene practices in a rural setting. However, substantial physical changes in the household environment are likely needed to make these behaviours habitual.TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERNCT02505711.
Past research has examined parental support for math during early childhood using parent-report surveys and observational measures of math talk. However, since most studies only present findings from ...one of these methods, the construct (parental support for early math) and the method are inextricably linked, and we know little about whether these methods provide similar or unique information about children's exposure to math concepts. This study directly addresses the mono-operation bias operating in past research by collecting and comparing multiple measures of support for number and spatial skills, including math talk during semi-structured observations of parent-child interactions, parent reports on a home math activities questionnaire, and time diaries. Findings from 128 parents of 4-year-old children reveal substantial within-measure variability across all three data sources in the frequency of number and spatial activities and the type and content of parent talk about number and spatial concepts. Convergence in parental math support measures was evident among parent reports from the questionnaire and time diaries, such that scale composites about monthly number activities were related to number activities on the previous work day, and monthly spatial activities were correlated with spatial activities the prior non-work days. However, few parent report measures from the survey or time diary were significantly correlated with observed quantity or type of math talk in the semi-structured observations. Future research implications of these findings are discussed.
The authors examined a new assessment of behavioral regulation and contributions to achievement and teacher-rated classroom functioning in a sample (
N
= 343) of kindergarteners from 2 geographical ...sites in the United States. Behavioral regulation was measured with the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders (HTKS) task, a structured observation requiring children to perform the opposite of a dominant response to 4 different oral commands. Results revealed considerable variability in HTKS scores. Evidence for construct validity was found in positive correlations with parent ratings of attentional focusing and inhibitory control and teacher ratings of classroom behavioral regulation. Hierarchical linear modeling indicated that higher levels of behavioral regulation in the fall predicted stronger levels of achievement in the spring and better teacher-rated classroom self-regulation (all
p
s < .01) but not interpersonal skills. Evidence for domain specificity emerged, in which gains in behavioral regulation predicted gains in mathematics but not in language and literacy over the kindergarten year (
p
< .01) after site, child gender, and other background variables were controlled. Discussion focuses on the importance of behavioral regulation for successful adjustment to the demands of kindergarten.
•Trauma resuscitation is a faced paced, high stake learning environment.•Medical students can easily be overwhelmed by these circumstances.•A structured observation tool is proposed as a pedagogic ...tool to promote engagement.
We describe a novel approach to promoting medical student learning and engagement during trauma resuscitation with implementation of a structured observation and debriefing tool.
In the context of a multifaceted quality improvement effort in our emergency room, we implemented a structured trauma observation tool (SOT) for medical students based on ATLS trauma guidelines. The SOT reflects the American College of Surgeons and Association for Surgical Education (ACS/ASE) trauma evaluation module for medical students. Two medical students from our quality improvement working group undertook a proof-of-concept study to determine whether the SOT facilitated accurate observations of trauma resuscitations and promoted educational debriefs with precepting providers. Results were encouraging, so the tool was implemented for elective use on surgical clerkships. Clerkship students who used the SOT were given the opportunity to share its impact on their experience. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained under Pro00109569.
A large level 1 trauma center at an academic hospital in the southeastern United States.
An interdisciplinary working group including surgeons, emergency medicine physicians, nurses, and students developed the observation tool. Two medical students from this team showed that the tool was effective at guiding observations and facilitating debriefs prior to its broader implementation on the general surgery clerkship.
A total of 630 resuscitation tasks were observed during 15 trauma activations prior to implementation on the surgery clerkship. There was over 97% agreement between students observations and evaluating physicians self-reporting on which tasks were completed. Tasks on which there was disagreement were discussed to aid student learning. The tool was implemented for elective use on the surgery clerkship where students reported positive experiences.
Early data suggest that this structured observation tool facilitates accurate trauma assessment observations and provides an opportunity for high-yield debriefs with the evaluating physician. This promotes student comprehension of ATLS principles. The SOT is being implemented as a pedagogic tool for students on the surgery clerkship to guide their observations, improve comprehension of decisions made in a hyperacute setting, and offer real time feedback as part of their learning in the trauma bay. The tool appears to be a valuable supplement which supports the ACS/ASE curriculum.
The development of learners’communicative competence is the main goal in foreign language teaching. Numerous domestic and foreign researchers have noted that using poetic texts in foreign language ...teaching contributes to the development of four language skills: listening, reading, writing, and speaking. Our dissertation research focuses on the use of poetic texts in the Russian language teaching at secondary schools of the Czech Republic. This paper presents the results of a pilot study conducted in April - October 2021. The purpose of the study was to test the appropriateness of the data collection tools. The pilot study consisted of a semi-structured interview with a secondary school teacher who used poetic texts in his teaching practice, and a structured observation of his lessons. It was discovered that the chosen data collection tools were selected appropriately, as they lead to answering the main research question: how poetic texts are used to develop communicative competence in the Russian language teaching at Czech secondary schools. The interview with the chosen for the pilot study teacher and the observation of his lessons led to the conclusion that using poetic texts in Russian lessons helps to develop monologic and dialogic speaking skills, it also helps to develop listening and reading skills. It also helps to enlarge the learners’ vocabulary. The use of poetic texts gives an opportunity to work with various grammatical and phonetic phenomena in a creative way; it is also one of the ways to introduce the learners to the culture of Russia. The frequency of the inclusion of poetic texts in the lessons is influenced by the school curriculum, the chosen textbook, the characteristics of the class and motivation of the learners.
This paper can be categorized as a qualitative research concerned with analysing teachers’ beliefs. The starting point is that beliefs are generally cognitive, they are present deeply hidden in ...teachers’ personalities, and they have an effect on their activities. The aim of this research is to explore the beliefs about classroom teaching and learning of teachers serving for a various number of years in primary schools (N=18). As an example of methodological triangulation, the study was based on structured observation and reflective diaries. The results were obtained using 34 sub-categories of 9 main categories, and 88 parameters therein. On the basis of the results we can state that besides traditional classroom space structure and classical methods, the teachers strove to use new generation methodological solutions too, which are characterised by a variety of teacher’s and learner’s activities. It was also possible to detect a filter function of beliefs on activities.
Objective
The Cholera‐Hospital‐Based‐Intervention‐for‐7‐days (CHoBI7) is a water treatment and handwashing with soap intervention for diarrhoea patients and their household members which is initially ...delivered in a healthcare facility setting. This study evaluated the effectiveness of CHoBI7 program delivery in increasing handwashing with soap in a healthcare facility setting among diarrhoea patients and their household members.
Methods
A randomised controlled trial of the CHoBI7 program was conducted among 404 diarrhoea patients and their accompanying household members in healthcare facilities in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The ‘Standard Message’ Arm received the standard message given in Bangladesh to diarrhoea patients on the use of oral rehydration solution. The ‘Health Facility Visit + Soapy Water’ Arm received the standard message, the CHoBI7 communication module delivered bedside to the patient; and a soapy water bottle in the healthcare facility. The ‘Health Facility Visit + Handwashing Station’ Arm received this same intervention plus a small plastic handwashing station. Within 24 h of intervention delivery, three‐hour structured observation of handwashing practices at stool/vomit‐ and food‐related events (key events) was conducted in healthcare facilities of diarrhoea patients and their accompanying household members.
Results
Compared to the Standard Message Arm, there was significantly more handwashing with soap at key events in both the Health Facility Visit + Soapy Water Arm (51% vs. 25 %) (Odds Ratio: 3.02; (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.41, 6.45) and the Health Facility Visit + Handwashing Station Arm (58% vs. 25%) OR: 4.12; (95% CI: 1.86, 9.14).
Conclusion
These findings demonstrate that delivery of the CHoBI7 communication module and provision of a soapy water bottle to diarrhoea patients and their accompanying household members presents a promising approach to increase handwashing with soap among this high risk population in a healthcare facility setting in Bangladesh.
Objectif
Le programme (CHoBI7Cholera‐Hospital‐Based‐Intervention‐for‐7‐days) est une intervention de traitement de l'eau et de lavage des mains avec du savon pour les patients et les membres de leur famille qui est initialement administrée dans un établissement de santé. Cette étude a évalué l'efficacité du programme CHoBI7 pour augmenter le lavage des mains au savon dans les établissements de santé.
Méthodes
Un essai contrôlé randomisé du programme CHoBI7 a été mené auprès de 404 patients atteints de diarrhée et des membres de leur famille qui les accompagnent dans des établissements de santé à Dhaka, au Bangladesh. Le bras "Message standard" a reçu le message standard donné au Bangladesh aux patients atteints de diarrhée sur l'utilisation de la solution de réhydratation orale. Le bras "Visite de l'établissement de santé + eau savonneuse" a reçu le message standard, le module de communication CHoBI7 a été délivré au chevet du patient et une bouteille d'eau savonneuse dans l'établissement de santé. Le bras "Visite de l'établissement de santé + station de lavage des mains" a reçu la même intervention, ainsi qu'une petite station de lavage des mains en plastique. Dans les 24 heures suivant l'intervention, une observation structurée de trois heures des pratiques de lavage des mains lors d'événements liés aux selles/vomis et à la nourriture (événements clés) a été menée dans les établissements de santé.
Résultats
Par rapport au bras ‘Message standard’, le lavage des mains au savon était significativement plus fréquent lors des événements clés dans le bras ‘Visite de l'établissement de santé + Station de lavage des mains’ (58% contre 25%) (rapport de cotes (OR): 4,12 ; (intervalle de confiance (IC) de 95%: 1,86–9,14) et dans le bras ‘Visite de l'établissement de santé + Eau savonneuse’ (51% contre 25%) (OR: 3,02 ; (IC95% : 1,41–6,45).
Conclusion
Ces résultats démontrent que l’implémentation du module CHoBI7 constitue une approche prometteuse pour augmenter le lavage des mains au savon dans un établissement de santé au Bangladesh.
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