Promoting green hydrogen has emerged as a pivotal discourse in the contemporary energy landscape, driven by pressing environmental concerns and the quest for sustainable energy solutions. This paper ...delves into the multifaceted domain of C-Suite issues about green hydrogen, encompassing both technological advancements and policy considerations. The question of whether green hydrogen is poised to become the focal point of the upcoming energy race is explored through an extensive analysis of its potential as a clean and versatile energy carrier. The transition from conventional fossil fuels to green hydrogen is considered a fundamental shift in energy paradigms, with far-reaching implications for global energy markets. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art green hydrogen technologies, including fuel cells, photocatalysts, photo electrocatalysts, and hydrogen panels. In tandem with technological advancements, the role of policy and strategy in fostering the development of green hydrogen energy assumes paramount significance. The paper elucidates the critical interplay between government policies, market dynamics, and corporate strategies in shaping the green hydrogen landscape. It delves into policy mechanisms such as subsidies, carbon pricing, and renewable energy mandates, shedding light on their potential to incentivize the production and adoption of green hydrogen. This paper offers a nuanced exploration of C-Suite issues surrounding green hydrogen, painting a comprehensive picture of the technological and policy considerations that underpin its emergence as a transformative energy source. As the global community grapples with the imperatives of climate change mitigation and the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions, understanding these issues becomes imperative for executives, policymakers, and stakeholders alike.
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•The latest advancements in photo electrocatalysts and fuel cell technologies are reviewed.•The storage and transportation within the realm of green hydrogen energy were discussed.•Policy and strategy for fostering the development of green energy are proposed.
Integrated Sensitive High Mass Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP) U–Pb zircon, geochemical and Sm–Nd isotopic data from the late Archaean Gawler Craton, southern Australia, constrain major ...basin-forming and magmatic processes to the interval 2560–2500
Ma. This terrane represents a convergent margin associated with the second half of a full global Wilson cycle, during which continental fragments formed between 2780 and 2590
Ma amalgamated with younger cratons, perhaps forming the Earth's first supercontinent.
Metasedimentary rocks in the central and southern Gawler Craton deposited between 2535 and 2500
Ma, have dominant detrital SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages, geochemical and
ɛ
Nd signatures which reflect input from predominantly felsic, juvenile to moderately evolved late Archaean crust. Geochemical patterns in ca. 2560–2500
Ma felsic to intermediate igneous lithologies that in part were produced during on-going basin development, suggest affinities with an arc-like environment, and have a range of
ɛ
Nd values that indicate variable crustal contamination of primitive arc components. However, approximately coeval komatiites have geochemical and
ɛ
Nd signatures consistent with a mantle–plume origin.
We envisage a tectonothermal regime for development of the late Archaean Gawler Craton that reflects interaction between a convergent margin and mantle–plume, in which sedimentary deposition occurred during active basin development in a back-arc or arc-rift setting. Basin formation and associated magmatism was terminated by regional granulite grade metamorphism and crustal thickening during the ca. 2500–2400
Ma Sleafordian Orogeny, which was proceed by ∼400
Ma of tectonic quiescence. This suggests that the Sleafordian Orogeny was driven by collision between continental components, leading to the formation of a continental interior. While the late Archaean Gawler Craton is younger than prodigious late Archaean metallogenic provinces associated with the first half of a full global Wilson cycle (ca. 2780–2590
Ma), there are important lithological and tectonic similarities to those mineralized systems.
This research aims to develop an Indonesian language teaching module based on the iSpring suite application for class II elementary school students. This research method used research and development ...(R&D) with the ADDIE model, which includes stages: Analysis, Development, Design, Implementation, and Evaluation. Three elementary schools in West Sumatra conducted this research. Data collection used observation sheets, questionnaires, interviews, validation instruments, practicality questionnaires, and evaluation tests. This research data analysis technique collected all the necessary data, namely from the results of module validation, module practicality and module effectiveness, and the N-Gain test. The teaching module validity test results obtained an average score of 4.34 in the very Good category. The results of the practicality test of the teaching module, teacher, and student responses obtained an average score of 4.45 in the very practical category. The effectiveness test can be seen from the results of the student knowledge test before the pretest and posttest question difficulty level. The test results at three elementary schools showed that the modules and tests could be declared effective; the average N-Gain Score was 58.23 in the quite effective category. The teaching module has proven to be very good, practical, and quite effective.
An extensive suite of sills occurring in the eastern and western Transvaal Supergroup has been termed the Marico Diabase Suite. As a result of their overall geographic proximity to the Bushveld ...Complex and occurrence in the Transvaal Supergroup they have been assumed to be related to the Bushveld Complex. Previous studies have identified two different types of rocks within this suite, namely the Maruleng and Lydenburg types, based on geochemical and metamorphic characteristics. The Maruleng type has mineralogical (orthopyroxene-bearing) and geochemical affinities with the mafic rocks of the Bushveld Complex, and rocks belonging to this type are much more closely spatially related to the Bushveld Complex. The Lydenburg type, on the other hand, is much more extensive spatially and was emplaced at variable depths within the Transvaal Supergroup. The latter type of rock is variably metamorphosed, far beyond the likely thermal effects arising from emplacement of the Bushveld Complex. Using LA-SF-ICPMS and LA-MC-ICMS for U-Pb-Hf isotope ratio and REE+Ti concentration analysis, we demonstrate that zircon grains from this latter type were subjected to hydrothermal alteration, which caused the introduction of common lead. Despite compositional and isotopic overprinting, an age of 2083±18 Ma (MSWD=12, n=16) is obtained, suggesting a pre-Bushveld in age. We suggest that the original term Marico Diabase Suite encompasses two different events. The Maruleng Suite should be grouped as part of the Bushveld Complex, whereas the Lydenburg Suite should be given a status that is independent from the Bushveld event.
Melt inclusions in zircon represent time capsules, which provide deep insights into igneous rock formation including timing, physicochemical conditions, and the compositional evolution of cogenetic ...magmas with respect to major, trace, and volatile elements. However, their full potential as petrogenetic indicators, in particular their usability and consistency as geothermometers, is poorly investigated. Therefore, we present new mineralogical and chemical data for recrystallized and homogenized melt inclusions and host zircon from different mafic and felsic rocks of the Bushveld Complex (BC), South Africa. Samples include rutile-bearing cumulate rocks of the Marginal and Critical zones, as well as rutile-free, magnetite-ilmenite-titanite-bearing diorites and granites of the Upper Zone, Rashoop Granophyre and Lebowa Granite Suite. All melt inclusions, irrespective of rock type, have rhyolitic compositions with SiO2 contents ranging from 65 to 78 wt.%, and H2O from 1.6 to 4.0 wt.%, whereas trace element contents differ systematically between rock types. In rutile-bearing mafic rocks, melt inclusions commonly show higher Ti contents (>800 ppm), higher Th/U ratios (up to 38), and lower REE contents (ƩREE < 150 ppm) compared to those in rutile-free mafic and felsic rocks (Ti < 800 ppm; Th/U < 5; ƩREE > 150 ppm). Liquidus temperatures of melt inclusions obtained from normative Qz-Ab-Or and rhyolite-MELTS modelling indicate melt entrapment mostly at 930–850 °C (at 200 MPa), tailing down in some samples to 700 °C. For rutile-bearing rocks, these temperatures overlap with those obtained by TiO2-in-melt and Ti-in-zircon geothermometry. For all rutile-free mafic and felsic rocks, reduced TiO2 activities of aTiO2 ∼ 0.3 are required for Ti-in-zircon geothermometry, and TiO2rutile ∼ 30 wt.% for TiO2 saturation geothermometry, to match temperatures from other geothermometers. Furthermore, partition coefficients obtained from melt inclusion - host zircon pairs are within error identical for mafic and felsic rocks and also reveal no systematic dependency on melt inclusion size, composition and entrapment temperature. The results of this study demonstrate that melt inclusions in zircon are a powerful tool for geothermometry and to constrain magma compositions, H2O contents, and TiO2 activities, which are critical for the understanding of magmatic processes shaping Earth’s crust.
Isotopic compositions of reservoirs in the Moon can be constrained from analysis of rocks generated during lunar magmatic differentiation. Mare basalts sample the largest lunar mantle volume, from ...olivine- and pyroxene-rich cumulates, whereas ferroan anorthosites and magnesian-suite rocks represent early crustal materials. Incompatible element enriched rocks, known as ‘KREEP,’ probably preserve evidence for the last highly differentiated melts. Here we show that mare basalts, including Apollo samples and meteorites, have remarkably consistent δ66Zn values (+1.4±0.2‰) and Zn abundances (1.5 ± 0.4 ppm). Analyses of magnesian-suite rocks show them to be characterized by even heavier δ66Zn values (2.5 to 9.3‰) and low Zn concentrations. KREEP-rich impact melt breccia Sayh al Uhaymir 169 has a nearly identical Zn composition to mare basalts (δ66Zn=1.3‰) and a low Zn abundance (0.5 ppm). Much of this variation can be explained through progressive depletion of Zn and preferential loss of the light isotopes in response to evaporative fractionation processes during a lunar magma ocean. Samples with isotopically light Zn can be explained by either direct condensation or mixing and contamination processes at the lunar surface. The δ66Zn of Sayh al Uhaymir 169 is probably compromised by mixing processes of KREEP with mafic components. Correlations of Zn with Cl isotopes suggest that the urKREEP reservoir should be isotopically heavy with respect to Zn, like magnesian-suite rocks. Current models to explain how and when Zn and other volatile elements were lost from the Moon include nebular processes, prior to lunar formation, and planetary processes, either during giant impact, or magmatic differentiation. Our results provide unambiguous evidence for the latter process. Notwithstanding, with the currently available volatile stable isotope datasets, it is difficult to discount if the Moon lost its volatiles relative to Earth either during giant impact or exclusively from later magmatic differentiation. If the Moon did begin initially volatile-depleted, then the mare basalt δ66Zn value likely preserves the signature, and the Moon lost 96% of its Zn inventory relative to Earth and was also characterized by isotopically heavy Cl (δ37Cl=≥8‰). Alternative loss mechanisms, including erosive impact removing a steam atmosphere need to be examined in detail, but nebular processes of volatile loss do not appear necessary to explain lunar and terrestrial volatile inventories.
•Mare basalts have remarkably consistent δ66Zn values (+1.4±0.2‰).•Magnesian-suite rocks have heavy δ66Zn values (2.5 to 9.3‰) and low Zn concentrations.•KREEP-rich impact melt breccia SaU 169 has δ66Zn of +1.3‰.•Zinc-Cl isotope correlations indicate urKREEP is isotopically heavy with respect to Zn.•Unambiguous evidence for volatile loss after formation of the Moon.
Natural hydrogen (H2) has the potential to be a low-carbon fuel and energy source, playing a crucial role in achieving a clean, secure, and affordable energy future. However, our understanding of the ...generation, migration, and accumulation of H2 in the subsurface remains poorly constrained. Increasing evidence suggests that H2 is abundantly and widely present in various geological settings, making them viable targets for exploration of this emerging resource. Reports have indicated the presence of hydrogen-dominated natural gas in vintage boreholes located in the Yorke Peninsula and Kangaroo Island, South Australia. These boreholes were drilled in Cambrian sedimentary cover over Precambrian terranes that host iron ore, copper or gold ore deposits. To gain insight into these occurrences, rock samples were examined from the Roxby Downs granite, a Mesoproterozoic pluton associated with the Hiltaba Suite event (1.59 Ga), belonging to the same magmatic origin as the Yorke Peninsula basement.
Our investigation revealed metasomatic fluid circulation, evidenced by alteration of feldspar and mafic grains, as well as discrete cemented fractures within the granite. In some of these fracture-fill cements, we discovered water and gas inclusions containing hydrogen. The formation of the hydrogen-bearing cements occurred at paleo-temperatures ranging from 170 °C to the present-day 55 °C. Analysing the oxygen isotope values of the quartz cements and considering their fluid inclusion temperatures, a marine water signature as the source of water in equilibrium with the quartz cements was identified.
To constrain the fluid history, neon and argon isotope signatures from the fluid inclusion gases were measured from the granite and separated quartz grains. Nucleogenic neon isotopes increased with depth along specific production lines. While this is consistent with long-lived fluid within the granite and increasing fluid residence with depth, separated quartz grains show less variation with depth and suggest that younger fluids were introduced, triggering alteration of less robust minerals, visible in bulk granite. Petrographic analyses identified hydrolytic alterations of mafic minerals into magnetite, and subsequently magnetite to hematite, as sources of hydrogen and contributors to the observed increase in pore water salinity. Our findings highlight that natural hydrogen can be produced and retained in granites at low temperatures, expanding beyond the commonly reported alteration processes observed in mafic and ultramafic rocks.
•Fluid inclusions revealed free H2 in cemented fractures in the Roxby Downs granite.•Water consumption by radiolysis and ferrous iron oxidation raised salinity.•H2-rich vapour resulted from cooling of the granite and water salinity increase.•Metasomatic fluids impacted H2 production by adding water into the pluton.•Granites near IOCG deposits may be particularly fertile for H2 generation.
Albarido NA, Tabugo SR. 2024. High-throughput analysis using 16S rRNA gene of bacterial communities present in selected bivalves and gastropods species from Bayug Island, Iligan City, Philippines. ...Biodiversitas 25: 431-438. Seashells, which include bivalves and gastropods, have global recognition for their significant contributions to the economy, ecology, and medicine. They hold value as a food source and are highly regarded as effective biological indicators. The objective of this study is to identify the bacterial communities present in selected edible species of bivalves (Pinctada margaritifera Linnaeus, 1758 and Anadara granosa Linnaeus, 1758) and gastropods (Canarium urceus Linnaeus, 1758 and Conus stercusmuscarum Linnaeus, 1758), through high-throughput sequencing metabarcoding. Bacterial samples were collected via a swabbing technique on the surface and inside parts of selected mollusc species, which were then placed on sterilized seawater for DNA extraction. Genomic DNA was isolated from the samples, and the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Four amplicon libraries were generated, representing the two bivalve and two gastropod species in the study area. Data analysis was conducted using the Parallel Meta Suite software. Upon quality control and processing, 173,489 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were obtained. Within the bacterial community, the most abundant genera included Stenotrophomonas, Vibrio, Serratia, Photobacterium, and Shewanella. The assessment of alpha diversity, using the Shannon index, indicated a higher diversity in A. granosa. Furthermore, the analysis using the PICRUSt algorithm within the Parallel Meta Suite unveiled the involvement of specific bacteria found in the selected gastropod and bivalve species in various functions. These functions encompass protein production, xenobiotic metabolism, biodegradation, and other metabolism-related processes, supporting these organisms' ecological and physiological roles.
The Neoproterozoic Malani Igneous Suite (MIS) is described as the largest felsic igneous province in India. The linearly distributed Sindreth and Punagarh basins located along eastern margin of this ...province represent the only site of bimodal volcanism and associated clastic sediments within the MIS. The in-situ zircon U-Pb dating by LA-ICPMS reveals that the Sindreth rhyolites were erupted at 769–762Ma. Basaltic rocks from both the basins show distinct geochemical signatures that suggest an E-MORB source for Punagarh basalts (low Ti/V ratios of 40.9–28.2) and an OIB source (high Ti/V ratios of 285–47.6) for Sindreth basalts. In the absence of any evidence of notable crustal contamination, these features indicate heterogeneous mantle sources for them. The low (La/Yb)CN (9.34–2.10) and Sm/Yb (2.88–1.08) ratios of Punagarh basalts suggest a spinel facies, relatively shallow level mantle source as compared to a deeper source for Sindreth basalts, as suggested by high (La/Yb)CN (7.24–5.24) and Sm/Yb (2.79–2.13) ratios. Decompression melting of an upwelling sub-slab asthenosphere through slab window seems to be the most plausible mechanism to explain the geochemical characteristics. Besides, the associated felsic volcanics show A2-type granite signatures, such as high Y/Nb (5.97–1.55) and Yb/Ta (9.36–2.57) ratios, consistent with magma derived from continental crust that has been through a cycle of continent-continent collision or an island-arc setting. A localized extension within an overall convergent scenario is interpreted for Sindreth and Punagarh volcanics. This general convergent setting is consistent with the previously proposed Andean-type continental margin for NW Indian block, the Seychelles and Madagascar, all of which lay either at the periphery of Rodinia supercontinent or slightly off the Supercontinent.
•770–760Ma bimodal volcanics in the Malani felsic large igneous province•Both OIB and E-MORB like basalts are outcropped.•The felsic volcanics show signatures similar to A2-type granite.•Localized extension in overall convergent setting as the tectonic setting of bimodal volcanism
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