Spinel oxides have attracted widespread interest for electrocatalytic applications owing to their unique crystal structure and properties. The surface structure of spinel oxides significantly ...influences the electrocatalytic performance of spinel oxides. Herein, we report a Li reduction strategy that can quickly tune the surface structure of CoFe
O
(CFO) nanoparticles and optimize its electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance. Results show that a large number of defective domains have been successfully introduced at the surface of CFO nanopowders after Li reduction treatment. The defective CFO nanoparticles demonstrate significantly improved electrocatalytic OER activity. The OER potential observed a negative shift from 1.605 to 1.513 V at 10 mA cm
, whereas the Tafel slope is greatly decreased to 42.1 mV dec
after 4 wt % Li reduction treatment. This efficient Li reduction strategy can also be applied to engineer the surface defect structure of other material systems and broaden their applications.
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Nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) is regarded as one of the promising cocatalysts to enhance the catalytic performance of photoanodes but suffers from serious interfacial charge-carrier ...recombination at the photoanode||NiOOH interface. In this work, surface-engineered BiVO4 photoanodes are fabricated by sandwiching an oxygen vacancy (Ovac) interlayer between BiVO4 and NiOOH. The surface Ovac interlayer is introduced on BiVO4 by a chemical reduction treatment using a mild reducing agent, sodium hypophosphite. The induced Ovac can alleviate the interfacial charge-carrier recombination at the BiVO4||NiOOH junction, resulting in efficient charge separation and transfer efficiencies, while an outer NiOOH layer is coated to prevent the Ovac layer from degradation. As a result, the as-prepared NiOOH-P-BiVO4 photoanode exhibits a high photocurrent density of 3.2 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE under the irradiation of 100 mW/cm2 AM 1.5G simulated sunlight, in comparison to those of bare BiVO4, P-BiVO4, and NiOOH-BiVO4 photoanodes (1.1, 2.1 and 2.3 mA cm−2, respectively). In addition to the superior photoactivity, the 5-h amperometric measurements illustrate improved stability of the surface-engineered NiOOH-P-BiVO4 photoanode. Our work showcases the feasibility of combining cocatalysts with Ovac, for improved photoactivity and stability of photoelectrodes.
This paper demonstrates chemi-resistive type and QCM ammonia sensors based on Ti3C2Tx MXene with surface engineering. The morphology and structure composition of Ti3C2Tx MXene were completely tested ...by XRD, SEM, TEM and Raman. The ammonia sensing performance of Ti3C2Tx MXene sensors at room temperature were systematically studied. The QCM sensors show better performance towards ammonia than chemi-resistor sensors. The Ti3C2Tx-S QCM sensor possesses quite sensitivity (49 Hz@100 ppb), high response/recovery capability (33 s/58 s) and good selectivity. XPS was introduced for the surface element status for the potential ammonia adsorption mechanism. It can be mainly related to for lowest average potential for reaction of Ti-S and the additional absorption towards the product nitric oxides enhancing the frequency shift by absorption mass increasing. This work confirms that surface engineering of Ti3C2Tx MXene to be effective method for enhancing gas sensing performance, and the sensor shows potential application for low concentration ammonia sensing.
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•Treated Ti3C2Tx MXene was fabricated via surface engineering with simple solution process.•Chemi-resistance type and QCM gas sensors were fabricated by spin coating method without further treatment.•Ti3C2Tx-S QCM sensors exhibited excellent performance for ammonia gas detection and detection limit was down to 10 ppb.•Potential ammonia absorption and electronic sensing mechanism of surface medicated Ti3C2Tx MXene was discussed.
Single‐cell nanoencapsulation is an emerging field in cell‐surface engineering, emphasizing the protection of living cells against external harmful stresses in vitro and in vivo. Inspired by the ...cryptobiotic state found in nature, cell‐in‐shell structures are formed, which are called artificial spores and which show suppression or retardation in cell growth and division and enhanced cell survival under harsh conditions. The property requirements of the shells suggested for realization of artificial spores, such as durability, permselectivity, degradability, and functionalizability, are demonstrated with various cytocompatible materials and processes. The first‐generation shells in single‐cell nanoencapsulation are passive in the operation mode, and do not biochemically regulate the cellular metabolism or activities. Recent advances indicate that the field has shifted further toward the formation of active shells. Such shells are intimately involved in the regulation and manipulation of biological processes. Not only endowing the cells with new properties that they do not possess in their native forms, active shells also regulate cellular metabolism and/or rewire biological pathways. Recent developments in shell formation for microbial and mammalian cells are discussed and an outlook on the field is given.
Recent developments in single‐cell nanoencapsulation suggest that the field has advanced to the formation of active shells for cell‐in‐shell structures. These active‐shell structures are involved in the dynamic regulation of cellular processes while protecting the cells inside.
Designing high‐performance and cost‐effective electrocatalysts for water splitting at high current density is pivotal for practical industrial applications. Herein, it is found that atomic‐level ...surface engineering of self‐supported nickel phosphide (NiP) nanoarrays via a facile cation‐exchange method can substantially regulate the chemical and physical properties of catalysts by introducing Co atoms. Such surface‐engineered NixCo1–xP endows several aspects of merits: i) rough nanosheet array electrode structure accessible to diffusion of electrolytes and release of gas bubbles, ii) enriched P vacancies companied by Co doping and thus increased active sites, and iii) the synergy of Ni5P4 and NiP2 beneficial to catalytic activity enhancement. By virtue of finely controlling the Co contents, the optimal Ni0.96Co0.04P electrode achieves remarkable bifunctional electrocatalytic performance for overall water splitting at a large current density of 1000 mA cm−2, showing overpotentials of 249.7 mV for hydrogen evolution reaction and 281.7 mV for oxygen evolution reaction. Furthermore, the Ni0.96Co0.04P electrode at 500 mA cm−2 exhibits an ultralow potential (1.71 V) and ultralong durability (500 h) for overall water splitting. This study implies that the atomic‐level surface engineering of the electrode materials offers a viable route for gaining high‐performance catalysts for water splitting at large current density.
The self‐supported NiP nanosheet array electrode with enriched P vacancies and atomic‐level Co doping is achieved by a controlled cation‐exchange strategy excluding complicated chemical reactions and post‐treatment steps. Such NiP nanoarray electrode exhibits excellent performance and long‐term stability (over 500 h) for electrocatalytic water splitting at large current density, outperforming noble‐metal catalysts in electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction.
Renewable energy storage and conversion systems are vital due to the numerous problems caused by the consumption of fossil fuels. Therefore, research on the emergence of new systems in renewable ...energies has become one of the most important fields of academic and industrial research. In the meantime, the synthesis of electrodes using the deep eutectic solvent electrodeposition method has many advantages such as being binder-free, creating nanostructured surfaces, and high surface active area has attracted a lot of attention. In this review article, at first, the discussion about the types of electrochemical deposition methods and the mechanism of the deep eutectic solvent electrodeposition process have been discussed, and then the effect of various variables on this process has been discussed. In the following, the use of the electrodes created by this process in new energy conversion and storage systems such as electrocatalysts, batteries, and supercapacitors has been discussed.
•Deep eutectic solvent electrodeposition mechanisms was studied.•The effect of different factors on DES properties was reviewed.•The application of DES for electrocatalysts, batteries and supercapacitors was revised.
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•Design of a double-layer hydrogel evaporator through 3D printing.•Structures on macro/micro scale were designed to promote high evaporation performance.•Evaporation rate of ...2.78 kg·m−2·h−1 and efficiency of 91.5 % were achieved.•Good solar desalination and wastewater treatment abilities were obtained.
Solar interfacial evaporation has become promising recently because of the growing demand for clean water in human society, and improving the evaporation rate of evaporators is of great importance for efficient seawater desalination. In this work, a novel double-layer Janus hydrogel evaporator with surface structure was fabricated by 3D printing using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) with small amount addition of carbon black (CB), sodium alginate (SA), and sodium lignosulfonate (SL). The printed hydrogel has excellent abilities as a solar evaporator, such as high solar absorption, low thermal conductivity, desired hydrophilicity, and strong mechanical strength. Compared with the traditional 2D evaporators, our evaporator can significantly reduce the evaporation enthalpy of water and localize heat on the interface, these positive effects lead to a high evaporation rate of 2.78 kg·m−2·h−1 of our evaporator with an energy efficiency of 91.5 % under 1 sun, which is significantly higher than the theoretical evaporation rate limit of 2D evaporators (1.46 kg·m−2·h−1) and outperforms the PEGDA-based hydrogel evaporators reported in the literature. Furthermore, this Janus evaporator shows good anti-fouling and wastewater treatment performances. This research promotes the applications of 3D printing hydrogel evaporators through a novel strategy.
Photocatalysis is widely researched in water and wastewater treatment processes owing to its unique capacity in the potential mineralization of organic pollutants. Suspended nanoparticles provide ...high specific surface area, but their practical application has been very limited due to drawbacks such as catalyst agglomeration during treatment and difficulty of catalyst reuse after treatment. It is therefore of paramount importance to immobilize catalysts to realize continuous photocatalysis operations towards commercial scale, and surface engineering provides an ideal strategy to overcome the problems associated with using suspended nanoparticles. Of different semiconductors used for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, TiO2 is considered a benchmark photocatalyst with ZnO as a potential alternative. Hence, the scope of this research is to review the application of several surface engineering methods including physical vapor deposition, dip coating, spin coating, spray coating, and electrophoretic deposition in the immobilization of TiO2 and ZnO. Overall, electrophoretic deposition is considered very promising for the successful immobilization of photocatalysts, and sintering particularly is recommended to improve the adhesion strength of the as-deposited films, expediting the practical applications of photocatalysis through electrophoretic deposition.
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•Main techniques for the immobilization of TiO2 and ZnO coatings are reviewed.•Physical vapor deposition is suitable for the deposition of thin films.•Electrophoretic deposition is suitable for the deposition of thick and thin films.•Electrophoretic deposition is the most promising industrial method for coatings.•Sintering is necessary to increase the adhesion strength of deposited films.
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•Surface engineered Ta2O5−x mesocrystals were synthesized.•The sample showed enhanced photocatalytic performance.•Alkali modifications induced increased surface areas and surface ...hydroxyl groups.•Possible degraded pathways and mechanism were proposed.
Mesocrystals are types of fascinating multifunctional materials in fabricating rapid charge transport pathways, and surface engineering could be considered as a significant influencing factor in boosting charge separation for efficient photocatalytic application. In this work, surface engineered Ta2O5−x mesocrystals were synthesized by facile alkali treatment strategy for enhanced visible light photocatalytic tetracycline degradation. The highly enhanced photocatalytic activity could be attributed to the highly increased surface areas and surface hydroxyl groups to compare with those of commercial Ta2O5 and pristine Ta2O5−x mesocrystals, which could provide more surface reactive sites and high electron density center for trapping photo-generated holes. Besides, possible tetracycline transformation pathways over surface engineered Ta2O5−x mesocrystals and visible light photocatalytic mechanism were also proposed in this work. Current work also provides a facile strategy for regulating surface property of ultrawide bandgaps semiconductors for enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance.
Single‐cell nanoencapsulation, forming cell‐in‐shell structures, provides chemical tools for endowing living cells, in a programmed fashion, with exogenous properties that are neither innate nor ...naturally achievable, such as cascade organic‐catalysis, UV filtration, immunogenic shielding, and enhanced tolerance in vitro against lethal factors in real‐life settings. Recent advances in the field make it possible to further fine‐tune the physicochemical properties of the artificial shells encasing individual living cells, including on‐demand degradability and reconfigurability. Many different materials, other than polyelectrolytes, have been utilized as a cell‐coating material with proper choice of synthetic strategies to broaden the potential applications of cell‐in‐shell structures to whole‐cell catalysis and sensors, cell therapy, tissue engineering, probiotics packaging, and others. In addition to the conventional “one‐time‐only” chemical formation of cytoprotective, durable shells, an approach of autonomous, dynamic shellation has also recently been attempted to mimic the naturally occurring sporulation process and to make the artificial shell actively responsive and dynamic. Here, the recent development of synthetic strategies for formation of cell‐in‐shell structures along with the advanced shell properties acquired is reviewed. Demonstrated applications, such as whole‐cell biocatalysis and cell therapy, are discussed, followed by perspectives on the field of single‐cell nanoencapsulation.
Single‐cell nanoencapsulation offers a chemical tool for enhancing cell viability in vitro against harmful stresses, promising potential in many applications including biocatalysis and cell therapy. Recent advances in synthetic strategies for forming cell‐in‐shell structures with unprecedented shell properties are discussed along with demonstrated applications.
