The objective of this work on the Rural Property Tax is to make a proposal to improve the instruments for statistical information on both income and investment spending. A qualitative methodology is ...proposed to make transparent from which community the tax is generated and how to decide the expenditure in public works for rural communities. Finally, public policy recommendations are made such as the suggestion that investment spending should not be concentrated in a small group of communities but should be distributed strategically for the well-being of the rural population. In this regard, it is important that the municipal government reaches agreements with ejido commissaries, syndics and commissaries so that there is a positive economic, social, cultural and political impact. Likewise, the creation of fiscal observatories to follow up on the route of income generated by the tax and the investment spending executed with the said resources. Truth is that the great importance of this tax for Sinaloa’s municipal public finances has not yet been fully appreciated. Among the findings was the preferential treatment given to taxpayers engaged in aquaculture and vegetable exports by paying a lower rate than that established in the law; while agricultural and livestock activities pay a higher rate; there is also a lack of transparency in the selection process of the communities that will benefit from investments for public works. Recommendations for future research may be to address how the public works bidding process is conducted; what experiences exist of tax observatories that monitor both the collection and the correct exercise of public expenditure of this tax; also explore why there is no public policy focused on benefiting the most marginalized communities in Sinaloa’s municipalities with public works.
The current environmental impact fee falls short in compensating harm and encouraging environmental protection. It lacks fiscal function and transparent regulation, risking unreliable pollution ...accounting. The hypothesis of the study is that the transition to tax relations with organizations and individual entrepreneurs that have a negative impact will create objective prerequisites for the effective regulation of environmental externalities by increasing the reliability of the payment base, improving administration as a result of establishing tax liability and tax incentives for environmental protection measures. The purpose of the study is to develop the concept of an environmental tax as a way to achieve a balance of interests of the state, society and companies while reducing emissions, discharges of pollutants and waste disposal. The study is based on general scientific methods of scientific knowledge (analysis, synthesis, generalization, grouping, classification), as well as special economic and mathematical methods. The concept has been proposed and the elements of an environmental tax have been developed to replace the current fee for negative environmental impact. The novelty lies in the proposed approach to the calculation of the tax base, based on the “conditional pollutant” indicator, the use of which greatly simplifies the mechanism for calculating and administering the tax.
Com a definição, por parte do STF, de que o ICMS não faz parte da base de cálculo do PIS e da Cofins, surgiu oquestionamento sobre a restituição dos créditos tributários em favor das distribuidoras ...de energia elétrica,uma vez que os valores para pagamento destes tributos haviam sido repassados aos usuários. Mesmo antes de a Aneel decidir sobre a destinação dos indébitos, foiaprovada lei que determinou que o órgão regulador deve fazer com que as distribuidoras restituam os montantes aos consumidores. Além da possível retroatividade do estabelecimento de competência da Aneel para decidir sobre a destinação da restituição, outras questões sãoabordadas, como a inserção de elementos no cálculo do montante a ser devolvido, a efetivação da restituição e a forma do repasse aos usuários.
Research background:
Tax legislation provides taxpayers some advantages which enable them to reduce their tax base in the tax statement. The amount of the tax advantage varies depending on the state ...and also the tax policy of the country. The tax bonus is one of the benefits, which can affect the amount of net income of taxpayers. The state’s efforts to mitigate the effects of covid-19 are currently even greater in order to sustain the functioning operations of taxpayers and at the same time to start the growth of economies again. All countries neighbouring Slovakia provide tax bonuses in certain amounts or other benefits for supporting families. The issue of tax bonuses is not given much attention by authors in the Slovak Republic or at the international level. So far, there is no article that deals with a comprehensive comparison of the tax bonus in several countries.
Purpose of the article:
The aim of this paper is to present and characterize the tax benefits provided to taxpayers by the tax legislation of the Slovak Republic and subsequent comparison with similar tax benefits provided by the Visegrad countries and neighbouring Austria.
Methods:
The method used the most in the paper are analysis and comparison.
Findings & Value added:
The contribution of this article is a comprehensive overview and comparison of the rules for the application of the tax bonus among the V4 countries and Austria and an evaluation of the most advantageous system among these countries in 2021.
This paper critically surveys the large and growing literature estimating the elasticity of taxable income with respect to marginal tax rates using tax return data. First, we provide a theoretical ...framework showing under what assumptions this elasticity can be used as a sufficient statistic for efficiency and optimal tax analysis. We discuss what other parameters should be estimated when the elasticity is not a sufficient statistic. Second, we discuss conceptually the key issues that arise in the empirical estimation of the elasticity of taxable income using the example of the 1993 top individual income tax rate increase in the United States to illustrate those issues. Third, we provide a critical discussion of selected empirical analyses of the elasticity of taxable income in light of the theoretical and empirical framework we laid out. Finally, we discuss avenues for future research.
Low-income countries typically collect taxes of between 10 to 20 percent of GDP while the average for high-income countries is more like 40 percent. In order to understand taxation, economic ...development, and the relationships between them, we need to think about the forces that drive the development process. Poor countries are poor for certain reasons, and these reasons can also help to explain their weakness in raising tax revenue. We begin by laying out some basic relationships regarding how tax revenue as a share of GDP varies with per capita income and with the breadth of a country's tax base. We sketch a baseline model of what determines a country's tax revenue as a share of GDP. We then turn to our primary focus: why do developing countries tax so little? We begin with factors related to the economic structure of these economies. But we argue that there is also an important role for political factors, such as weak institutions, fragmented polities, and a lack of transparency due to weak news media. Moreover, sociological and cultural factors—such as a weak sense of national identity and a poor norm for compliance—may stifle the collection of tax revenue. In each case, we suggest the need for a dynamic approach that encompasses the two-way interactions between these political, social, and cultural factors and the economy.
We develop an approach based on publicly available data to decompose and quantify tax avoidance into two separate components: tax rate avoidance and tax base avoidance. Our measures are based on the ...average statutory tax rate, which accounts for the statutory tax rates across all transactions of a firm. We illustrate and validate our measures using simulation data, the Tax Reform Act of 1986, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, changes in tax rate avoidance and tax base avoidance across time, bonus depreciation time periods, several sample splits of U.S. multinational and domestic firms, differences across industries, and firms operating in tax haven locations. The measures allow regulators and researchers to gain insights into these two conceptually different tax avoidance strategies.
This paper evaluates the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) recently proposed by the European Commission. We find that if the CCCTB is introduced as it is currently proposed (including ...loss consolidation), then it is likely to impose large tax revenue costs of about one fifth of the corporate tax base. Second, we show that an application of the CCCTB proposals at only the European Union (EU) level would overlook the extent of profit shifting out of the EU and could lock in further unnecessary revenue losses. Third, major EU profit-shifting countries such as Luxembourg, Ireland and the Netherlands may experience significant revenue losses. Based on our analysis, the main policy recommendation is to consider extending the approach to a worldwide system, which would simultaneously deal with profit shifting within and out of the EU, and appears to offer the best prospect for revenue-positive, welfare-enhancing reform. For this to be viable, an immediate priority is to collate cross-country-comparable data and provide precise assessments of the range of policy scenarios.
The aim of the paper is to identify the relevant prior research focused on the Formulary Apportionment methodology in the European Union, to explore the current literature and develop directions for ...future research. Reflecting upon the announced European Commission’s Proposal for new framework for business taxation and the foreseeable upswing of academic discussion focused on the formulary apportionment methodology this paper represents the first systematic literature review on this topic. The study identifies eight main thematic clusters, provides an interpretative framework and suggests valuable future research directions within each thematic cluster as well as general future research agenda.
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