Atmospheric optical turbulence modeling and forecast for astronomy is a relatively recent discipline, but has played important roles in site survey, optimization of large telescope observing tables, ...and in the applications of adaptive optics technique. The numerical approach, by using of meteorological parameters and parameterization of optical turbulence, can provide all the optical turbulence parameters related, such as C2n profile, coherent length, wavefront coherent time, seeing, isoplanatic angle, and so on. This is particularly interesting for searching new sites without the long and expensive site testing campaigns with instruments. Earlier site survey results by the site survey team of National Astronomical Observatories of China imply that the south-west Tibet, Ali, is one of the world best IR and sub-mm site. For searching the best site in Ali area, numerical approach by Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model had been used to evaluate the climatology of the optical turbulence. The WRF model is configured over a domain 200km×200km with 1km horizontal resolution and 65 vertical levels from ground to the model top(10millibars) in 2010. The initial and boundary conditions for the model are provided by the 1° × 1° Global Final Analysis data from NCEP. The distribution and seasonal variation of optical turbulence parameters over this area are presented.
A slightly fuel-rich (Φ = 1.3) premixed laminar flat morpholine/oxygen/argon flame at 40 mbar was studied with cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS). Morpholine as a secondary amine was considered as ...a prototypical nitrogenated biofuel. To contribute to the investigation of fuel-nitrogen conversion chemistry in this flame, absolute mole fraction profiles of CH, CN, and NH
2
were determined. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting quantitative mole fractions of these radicals from CRDS in a low-pressure flame of a model biofuel. The species profiles are discussed in combination with some relevant intermediates from molecular beam mass spectrometry, determined in this flame very recently (Lucassen et al., Proc Combust Inst 32(1):1269–1276,
2009
). Some relative species profiles were also determined in flames of further amines to facilitate comparison. The results demonstrate that NH
3
- and HCN-related chemistry occurs in different regions of this flame. HCN production is considerable, and NO is found in the exhaust gases in percent-level concentrations. To monitor the combustion status, chemiluminescence is increasingly being applied as an intrinsic low-cost sensor. We believe to present the first chemiluminescence measurements in a flame of a prototypical nitrogenated biofuel, reporting relative emission intensities for five excited-state species. The shapes and maximum positions of the ground- and excited-state profiles show interesting differences, especially for the CN radical, which must be the consequence of different reaction pathways.
Karl Schwarzschild begann seine astrophysikalischen Studien in Straßburg auf dem Gebiet der Veränderlichen Sterne. Eine Sonnenfinsternis in Algerien im Jahr 1905 war sein Einstieg in das Thema ...Sonnenphysik, was ihn 1906 zum Begriff des Strahlungsgleichgewichtes fuhrte. Als Direktor des Astrophysikalischen Observatoriums Potsdam (1909 bis 1916) beschäftigte er sich neben Sonnenphysik, Stellarstatistik und Sternatmosphären besonders mit der gerade entstehenden Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie. Kurz vor seinem Tod entwickelte er die ersten exakten Lösungen der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie und stieß dabei auf das Phänomen der Schwarzen Löcher und den später nach ihm benannten Schwarzschild-Radius.
Karl Schwarzschild begann seine astrophysikalischen Studien in Straßburg auf dem Gebiet der Veränderlichen Sterne. Eine Sonnenfinsternis in Algerien im Jahr 1905 war sein Einstieg in das Thema ...Sonnenphysik, was ihn 1906 zum Begriff des Strahlungsgleichgewichtes führte. Als Direktor des Astrophysikalischen Observatoriums Potsdam (1909 bis 1916) beschäftigte er sich neben Sonnenphysik, Stellarstatistik und Sternatmosphären besonders mit der gerade entstehenden Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie. Kurz vor seinem Tod entwickelte er die ersten exakten Lösungen der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie und stieß dabei auf das Phänomen der Schwarzen Löcher und den später nach ihm benannten Schwarzschild‐Radius.
Between 1608 and 1610 the canopy of the night sky was ripped open by an object created almost by accident: a cylinder with lenses at both ends.Galileo's Telescope tells how this ingenious device ...evolved into a precision instrument that would transcend the limits of human vision and transform humanity's view of its place in the cosmos.
Astronomy is an observational science, renewed and even revolutionized by new developments in instrumentation. With the resulting growth of multiwavelength investigation as an engine of discovery, it ...is increasingly important for astronomers to understand the underlying physical principles and operational characteristics for a broad range of instruments. This comprehensive text is ideal for graduate students, active researchers and instrument developers. It is a thorough review of how astronomers obtain their data, covering current approaches to astronomical measurements from radio to gamma rays. The focus is on current technology rather than the history of the field, allowing each topic to be discussed in depth. Areas covered include telescopes, detectors, photometry, spectroscopy, adaptive optics and high-contrast imaging, millimeter-wave and radio receivers, radio and optical/infrared interferometry, and X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy, all at a level that bridges the gap between the basic principles of optics and the subject's abundant specialist literature. Color versions of figures and solutions to selected problems are available online at www.cambridge.org/9780521762298.
During the most recent LIGO-GEO-Virgo science run a number of partner telescopes performed follow-up observations of gravitational wave (GW) candidates. One of these collaborators was the ROTSE ...project. Consisting of four optical telescopes, ROTSE responded to GW triggers and took over 700 follow-up images. Analysis of these images is currently under way using ROTSE's own image processing pipeline. We describe the analysis used to search for transients of astrophysical significance, and steps being taken to automate and optimise the analysis for rapid identification of electromagnetic (EM) counterparts to GW candidates.
" Ground- or space-based telescopes are becoming increasingly more complex and construction budgets are typically in the billion dollar range. Facing costs of this magnitude, availability of ...engineering tools for prediction of performance and design optimization is imperative. Establishment of simulation models combining different technical disciplines such as Structural Dynamics, Control Engineering, Optics and Thermal Engineering is indispensable. Such models are normally called Integrated Models because they involve many different disciplines. The models will play an increasingly larger role for design of future interdisciplinary optical systems in space or on ground. The book concentrates on integrated modeling of optical and radio telescopes but the techniques presented will be applicable to a large variety of systems. Hence, the book will be of interest to optical and radio telescope designers, designers of spacecrafts that include optical systems, and to designers of various complex defense systems. The book may also find use as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses within the field. ""Adaptive Optics"" is an exciting and relatively new field, originally dedicated to correction for blurring when imaging through the atmosphere. Although this objective is still of high importance, the concept of Adaptive Optics has recently evolved further. Today, the objective is not only to correct for atmospheric turbulence effects but also for a range of static and dynamical telescope aberrations. The notion of adaptive optics has expanded to the field of ""Wavefront Control"", correcting for a variety of system aberrations. Wavefront control systems maintain form and position of optical elements with high precision under static and dynamical load. In many ways, such systems replace the steel structures of traditional optical systems, thereby providing much lighter systems with a performance not possible before. Integrated Modeling is the foremost tool for studies of Wavefront Control for telescopes and complex optics and is therefore now of high importance. Springer has recently published two books on telescopes, ""Reflecting Telescope Optics"" by R. Wilson, and ""The Design and Construction of Large Optical Telescopes"" by P. Bely. Noting that a new (and expensive) generation of Extremely Large Telescopes with apertures in the 30-100 m range is on the way, the present book on integrated modeling is a good match to the existing books and an appropriate specialization and continuation of some subjects dealt with in those books. "
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