This book is available as open access through the Bloomsbury Open Access programme and is available on www.bloomsburycollections.com. It is subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No ...Derivatives Licence and funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation. This book demonstrates the central role played by the stylistic features of online news in constructing meaning and shaping cultural representations of people and places – in particular, France and Muslims/Islam. Taking the 2016 violent attack in Nice, France as a case study, Ashley Riggs analyses online news coverage of the attack from the UK, Spain, and Switzerland, three distinct linguistic and cultural spaces. An innovative mixed-methods approach, including content analysis and elements of translation criticism and comparative stylistics, is used to analyse this corpus, revealing the frequency and influence of stylistic devices found in online news and exploring how they help to shape reader interpretations. Drawing conclusions about journalistic practices by place and interrogating the notions of 'European identity' and 'European journalism', Stylistic Deceptions in Online News reveals how stylistic features may vary according to both political leanings and national and regional contexts, and the influence these features have upon readers.
We outline a general psychological theory of extremism and apply it to the special case of violent extremism (VE). Extremism is defined as motivated deviance from general behavioral norms and is ...assumed to stem from a shift from a balanced satisfaction of basic human needs afforded by moderation to a motivational imbalance wherein a given need dominates the others. Because motivational imbalance is difficult to sustain, only few individuals do, rendering extreme behavior relatively rare, hence deviant. Thus, individual dynamics translate into social patterns wherein majorities of individuals practice moderation, whereas extremism is the province of the few. Both extremism and moderation require the ability to successfully carry out the activities that these demand. Ability is partially determined by the activities' difficulty, controllable in part by external agents who promote or oppose extremism. Application of this general framework to VE identifies the specific need that animates it and offers broad guidelines for addressing this pernicious phenomenon.
In seeking to evaluate the efficacy of post-9/11 homeland security expenses—which have risen by more than a trillion dollars, not including war costs—the common query has been, “Are we safer?” This, ...however, is the wrong question. Of course we are “safer”—the posting of a single security guard at one building’s entrance enhances safety. The correct question is, “Are any gains in security worth the funds expended?” This book applies risk and cost-benefit evaluation techniques to answer this very question. This analytical approach has been used throughout the world for decades by regulators, academics, and businesses. But, as a recent National Academy of Science study suggests, it has never been capably applied by the people administering homeland security funds. Given the limited risk terrorism presents, expenses meant to lower it have for the most part simply not been worth it. For example, to be considered cost-effective, increased American homeland security expenditures would have had each year to have foiled up to 1,667 attacks roughly like the one intended on Times Square in 2010—more than four a day.
<!CDATAThere is a flourishing and growing debate among political scientists regarding the links between democracy/democratization and terrorism. Terrorism, Instability, and Democracy in Asia and ...Africa takes a regional approach to the issue, focusing on two areas sorely underrepresented in the literature but which grow ever more topical.
Beginning with definitions and a literature review, the authors present and interpret statistical analysis and case studies of nations in the Horn of Africa; sub-Saharan Africa; and Central, East, South, and Southeast Asia. This is a timely book that will fill a gaping hole in terrorism literature, just as the world is becoming increasingly attuned to domestic, international, and regional terrorist threats emanating from Asia and Africa. Academics, students, and policy experts in the fields of American, Asian, African, and international affairs and terrorism will embrace this crucial volume.
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Despite the liberation of Marawi, in the Philippines, from the siege of terrorist groups associated with the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the Philippines continues to confront the virulent ...threat of terrorism affecting international peace and security. To make sense of what transpired during the Marawi siege and the panoply of security challenges in its aftermath, this book brings together the scholarly analyses of various counter-terrorism experts who examine the siege from a number of perspectives, including the long history of Muslim rebellion in Mindanao and the persistence of the Abu Sayyaf Group, the rise of ISIS in the Philippines, the financing of terrorism, the trauma created by the siege, and the continuing problem of violent extremism in a country long beset by internal armed conflicts.Edited by the Philippines' top counter-terrorism scholar, the volume offers readers insightful studies on why and how the siege happened by describing the role of various armed groups in the Philippines that have pledged allegiance to ISIS. This is the first effort to examine in-depth the Marawi siege within the larger global terrorism landscape. It will be of interest to scholars, students, journalists, policy makers and laypersons who want to know more about the siege and the continuing threat of terrorism in the Philippines.
This article reviews some of the milestones of thinking about political radicalization, as scholars and security officials struggled after 9/11 to discern the precursors of terrorist violence. Recent ...criticism of the concept of radicalization has been recognized, leading to a 2-pyramids model that responds to the criticism by separating radicalization of opinion from radicalization of action. Security and research implications of the 2-pyramids model are briefly described, ending with a call for more attention to emotional experience in understanding both radicalization of opinion and radicalization of action.
In 2002 Australia was rocked by the terrorist bombings in Bali that killed 202 people, including 88 Australians. Then, only 3 years later, another bombing in Bali claimed the lives of a further 20 ...people and injured 100 others. Who was behind the bombings and how could they be stopped? In Defeating Terror, former Australian Federal Police agent David Craig draws on his first-hand involvement to tell the true story of the hunt for the Bali bombers. Craig takes us behind the front-line fight, exposing the strengths, fears and vulnerabilities of both sides as they painstakingly piece together the backgrounds of the terrorists, their radicalisation and their bomb-making abilities and methods of evasion. Defeating Terror is a fast-paced and riveting account of the hunt for the masterminds behind the Bali bombings. In a real-life wild-west shoot out, when the terrorists are finally cornered, thousands of bullets are exchanged and 11 bombs are thrown at police. The terrorist mastermind is killed, but is his organisation dead? DAVID CRAIG was a senior officer in the Australian Federal Police. He has trained with international forces including the FBI and served in various countries including Indonesia, East Timor and Afghanistan.
City tourism is a growing segment of world tourism, with European capitals performing especially well in the last decade. However, a recurring threat to this success is the unexpected occurrence of ...terrorism events, affecting both tourists' behaviour and destination image. This paper analyses the relationship between tourists' perceived risk from terrorism and the image of the destination, and the effect on behavioural intentions, taking into account the moderating role of the type of city destination in regards to the impact of terrorist attacks. The theoretical model is assessed utilising a structural equations approach on a sample of potential tourists focusing on European capitals. The sample is divided into two groups of destinations: cities that have suffered major terrorist attacks and those that have not. The results show that the destination moderates the causal relationship. The results are interesting in terms of evaluating the policies of counter-terrorism and destination image restoration at city tourism destinations.
•Terrorism risk perception has a negative and significant effect on city image and behavioural intentions (Structural model)•Terrorism-hit is relevant moderator of the influence of terrorism risk perception on city image and visit intention (Moderating effect)•Special attention needs to be paid in tourism marketing and communication by tourist destinations managements in order to mitigate the terrorism risk perception by tourists
The shocking events of 11 September 2001 in the United States drew worldwide attention to the terrorist phenomenon. Confronting Terrorism focuses on terrorism and the struggle against it in Europe: ...on recent experiences, threat perceptions and the policies of several European countries, including the effects produced by the 11 September attacks.Specialists from Ireland, the United Kingdom, Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain, Italy and Greece analyse the development of threat perceptions concerning terrorism and counter-terrorist policy-making in their respective countries. To facilitate comparisons between their findings, they have worked from an identical set of questions. Their chapters are followed by contributions on relevant policy-making and decisions in the European Union, and on the European input in United Nations policy-making processes. A summary of main conclusions and recommendations is also presented.
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