Background Services employing staff to support people with disability usually provide training in a range of areas including communication and managing challenging behaviour. Given that such training ...can be costly and time-consuming, it is important to evaluate the evidence presented in support of such programs. Efficacy in clinical practice is measured using evidence-based practice. However, there is currently no model that is widely used to compare and evaluate training programs despite the large number of training programs reported each year.
Method Six studies published in the last decade that reported the outcomes of communication-based training and six that reported on the outcomes of challenging behaviour training were evaluated using the 4-level Kirkpatrick model.
Results Comparison of the levels of evidence is made for these 12 studies.
Conclusion The Kirkpatrick model provides one technique for appraisal of the evidence for any reported training program and could be used to evaluate whether a training program is likely to meet the needs and requirements of both the organisation implementing the training and the staff who will participate.
ABSTRACT
Previous resistance training (RT) recommendations and position stands have addressed variables that can be manipulated when producing RT interventions. However, 1 variable that has received ...little discussion is set endpoints (i.e., the endpoint of a set of repetitions). Set endpoints in RT are often considered to be proximity to momentary failure and are thought to be a primary variable determining effort in RT. Further, there has been ambiguity in the use and definition of terminology that has created issues in interpretation of research findings. The purpose of this paper was to: (1) provide an overview of the ambiguity in historical terminology around set endpoints; (2) propose a clearer set of definitions related to set endpoints; and (3) highlight the issues created by poor terminology and definitions. It is hoped this may permit greater clarity in reporting, interpretation, and application of RT interventions for researchers and practitioners. Muscle Nerve 56: 368–374, 2017
ABSTRACT
Introduction: It has not been established whether progressive resistance training (PRT) and aerobic training (AT) are feasible and efficient in myasthenia gravis (MG). Methods: Fifteen ...subjects with generalized MG (Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) clinical classification II–IV) were randomly assigned to 20 training sessions during 8 weeks of either PRT or AT. Feasibility was evaluated based on adherence, drop‐out rate, adverse events, and Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis (QMG) score. Results: Twelve subjects (MGFA II, n = 11; MGFA III, n=1) completed the intervention with a mean adherence of 95 % ± 8. One dropout (PRT) could potentially be related to PRT. Both groups reported adverse events, including bulbar symptoms (n = 2) and increased fatigue (n = 3), but no change in QMG score was observed in either group. The PRT group showed increases in maximal strength and functional capacity. Conclusions: Eight weeks of moderate to high intensity AT and PRT were feasible for most patients with mild MG. Maximal strength and functional capacity increased in the PRT group. Muscle Nerve 56: 700–709, 2017
Service-learning prepares business students to see new dimensions of relevance of their coursework. It provides structures for students to establish caring relationships with others that validate ...their humanity. Service-learning is an important way for management faculty to help their departments, schools, and universities to better fulfill their missions and visions. This volume, 15th in the Service-Learning in the Discipline Series, provides an excellent way to get involved.
Thigh muscle weakness is associated with knee discomfort and osteoarthritis disease progression. Little is known about the efficacy of high-intensity strength training in patients with knee ...osteoarthritis or whether it may worsen knee symptoms.
To determine whether high-intensity strength training reduces knee pain and knee joint compressive forces more than low-intensity strength training and more than attention control in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
Assessor-blinded randomized clinical trial conducted at a university research center in North Carolina that included 377 community-dwelling adults (≥50 years) with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 20 to 45 and with knee pain and radiographic knee osteoarthritis. Enrollment occurred between July 2012 and February 2016, and follow-up was completed September 2017.
Participants were randomized to high-intensity strength training (n = 127), low-intensity strength training (n = 126), or attention control (n = 124).
Primary outcomes at the 18-month follow-up were Western Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) knee pain (0 best-20 worst; minimally clinically important difference MCID, 2) and knee joint compressive force, defined as the maximal tibiofemoral contact force exerted along the long axis of the tibia during walking (MCID, unknown).
Among 377 randomized participants (mean age, 65 years; 151 women 40%), 320 (85%) completed the trial. Mean adjusted (sex, baseline BMI, baseline outcome values) WOMAC pain scores at the 18-month follow-up were not statistically significantly different between the high-intensity group and the control group (5.1 vs 4.9; adjusted difference, 0.2; 95% CI, -0.6 to 1.1; P = .61) or between the high-intensity and low-intensity groups (5.1 vs 4.4; adjusted difference, 0.7; 95% CI, -0.1 to 1.6; P = .08). Mean knee joint compressive forces were not statistically significantly different between the high-intensity group and the control group (2453 N vs 2512 N; adjusted difference, -58; 95% CI, -282 to 165 N; P = .61), or between the high-intensity and low-intensity groups (2453 N vs 2475 N; adjusted difference, -21; 95% CI, -235 to 193 N; P = .85). There were 87 nonserious adverse events (high-intensity, 53; low-intensity, 30; control, 4) and 13 serious adverse events unrelated to the study (high-intensity, 5; low-intensity, 3; control, 5).
Among patients with knee osteoarthritis, high-intensity strength training compared with low-intensity strength training or an attention control did not significantly reduce knee pain or knee joint compressive forces at 18 months. The findings do not support the use of high-intensity strength training over low-intensity strength training or an attention control in adults with knee osteoarthritis.
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01489462.
Specialists’ level of professional training gains special significance in modern economic conditions. This problem is also relevant to organizations of the real sector of the economy. The present ...article examines the problems of training personnel for various economy sectors related to the competency approach adopted in the education system. Increasing the level of training of managerial personnel while accounting for industry characteristics and their specialization profile is noted to be one of the priority directions of work. The study is based on Russian practice in developing the country’s production potential and on the practice of scientific, technical, and economic development of foreign countries, particularly Japan, China, and others. The requirement of quantitative and qualitative staffing is an indispensable condition for the effective functioning and development of enterprises and organizations of all sectors and spheres of the national economy. In this regard, the goal of the present study is to identify, analyze, and summarize the positive and negative aspects of the competency approach to educational practice. Attainment of the set goal is based on the methodological approaches to the assessment of the existing educational system and the methods of comparative analysis of general economic consequences of such changes from the employer’s perspective. The scientific result of the study is the ways of resolving the identified problems suggested by the authors from the point of both the employers and the directions of the professional activity of higher and secondary special educational institutions. In particular, it is suggested to create corporate training centers at large organizations, the ideology of which would be based on improving the professional level of employees in accordance with the established qualification requirements.
Maschinen und ihre Menschen Anders, Lisa
Sociologia internationalis,
01/2020, Letnik:
58, Številka:
1
Journal Article
In diesem Beitrag wird die Fortbewegung im Luftraum als ein den Menschen ganzheitlich herausforderndes sozio-technisches Phänomen skizziert. Der Beitrag fragt, wie angehende KampfpilotInnen in ihrem ...Training auf die mentalen, psychischen sowie körperlichen Herausforderungen (Stress) des Kampffliegens vorbereitet werden. In soziologisch-ethnografischen Analysen wird die Vorbereitung der PilotInnen am Boden entlang dreier empirischer Bezugspunkte fokussiert. Es wird (1) gezeigt, wie sich angehende KampfpilotInnen in der Flugplanung der Situation des Fliegens in zeitlichen Vorgriffen annähern und wie in dieser Annäherung Komplexität und Kontingenz ‚realer Situationen‘ gleichsam antizipiert und bearbeitet werden (Stressprävention), (2) wie Artefakte – bspw. Checklisten – als materielle Taktgeber der Praxis und Instrumente der Disziplinierung fungieren, welche die Funktionstüchtigkeit der PilotInnen auch in Notlagen sicherstellen (Stressmanagement). (3) Schließlich wird mit Blick auf die Materialität der Ausrüstung aufgezeigt, wie die PilotInnenkörper für die Praxis des Kampffliegens präpariert und im Zuge dessen in das Cockpit eingepasst werden (Stresstraining). Das Training der KampfpilotInnen zeigt sich in dieser phänomenologisch und praxeologisch inspirierten Perspektive als systematische Formung von Menschen.
The main aim of this study was to investigate the training characteristics of the most successful female cross-country skier ever during the best period of her career. The participant won six gold ...medals at the Olympic Games, 18 gold medals at the World Championship, and 110 World Cup victories. Day-to-day training diary data, interviews, and physiological tests were analyzed. Training data was systemized by training form (endurance, strength, and speed), intensity low- (LIT), moderate- (MIT), and high-intensity training (HIT), and mode (running, cycling, and skiing/roller skiing), followed by a division into different periodization phases. Specific sessions utilized in the various periodization periods and the day-to-day periodization of training, in connection with altitude camps and tapering toward major championships, were also analyzed. Following a 12-year nonlinear increase in training load, the annual training volume during the five consecutive successful years stabilized at 937 ± 25 h, distributed across 543 ± 9 sessions. During these 5 years, total training time was distributed as 90.6% endurance-, 8.0% strength-, and 1.4% speed-training, with endurance-training time consisting of 92.3 ± 0.3% LIT, 2.9 ± 0.5% MIT, and 4.8 ± 0.5% HIT. Total LIT-time consisted of 21% warm-up, 14% sessions <90 min, and 65% long-duration sessions >90 min. While the total number of LIT sessions remained stable across phases (32 sessions), total LIT-time was reduced from GP (76 h/month) to SP (68 h/month) and CP (55 h/month). MIT-time decreased from GP (2.8 h/month) to SP (2.2 h/month) and CP (1 h/month). HIT-time increased from GP (2.8 h/month) to SP (3.2 h/month) and CP (4.7 h/month). Altitude training accounted for 18-25% of annual training volume and performed across relatively short training camps (≤16 days) with a clear reduction of HIT training, but increased total and LIT volume compared to sea-level training. Training before international championships included a 2-week increase in LIT and strength volume followed by a gradual reduction of training volume and increased HIT during the last week. This study provides unique data on the world's most successful female cross-country skier's long-term training process, including novel information about the distribution of and interplay between sessions of different forms, intensities, and exercise modes throughout the annual season.
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of hamstring eccentric (NHE) strength training versus sprint training programmed as complements to regular soccer practice, on sprint performance ...and its mechanical underpinnings, as well as biceps femoris long head (BFlh) architecture.
In this prospective interventional control study, sprint performance, sprint mechanics and BFlh architecture variables were compared before versus after six weeks of training during the first six preseason weeks, and between three different random match-pair groups of soccer players: "Soccer group" (n = 10), "Nordic group" (n = 12) and "Sprint group" (n = 10).
For sprint performance and mechanics, small to large pre-post improvements were reported in "Sprint group" (except maximal running velocity), whereas only trivial to small negative changes were reported in "Soccer group" and "Nordic group". For BFlh architecture variables, "Sprint" group showed moderate increase in fascicle length compared to smaller augment for the "Nordic" group with trivial changes for "Soccer group". Only "Nordic" group presented small increases at pennation angle.
The results suggest that sprint training was superior to NHE in order to increase BFlh fascicle length although only the sprint training was able to both provide a preventive stimulus (increase fascicle length) and at the same time improve both sprint performance and mechanics. Further studies with advanced imaging techniques are needed to confirm the validity of the findings.
Introduction Exercise training is strongly recommended as a therapeutic approach to treat individuals with heart failure. High-intensity exercise training modalities still controversial in this ...population. The study aims to preliminary assess the consequences of high-intensity exercise training modalities, aerobic interval training (HIIT) and progressive high circuit-resistance training (CRT), on primarily endothelial function and cardiorespiratory fitness, and secondly on muscle strength and physical performance in heart failure patients. Methods This preliminary multicentric randomized controlled trial comprised 23 heart failure patients, aged 56 ± 10 years old, mainly New York Heart Association classification I and II (%), hemodynamically stable, who compromise at least 36 exercise sessions of a randomly assigned intervention (HIIT, CRT or control group). Endothelial function, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, muscle strength and physical performance were completed at baseline and post-intervention. Results Although no effects on endothelial function; both HIIT and CRT modalities were able to produce a positive effect on VO2 peak (HIIT = +2.1±6.5, CRT = +3.0±4.2 and control group = -0.1± 5.3 mL/kg/min, time*group p-value<0,05) and METs (HIIT = +0.6±1.8, CRT = +0.9±1.2 and control group = 0±1.6, time*group p-value<0,05). Only HIIT increased isokinetic torque peak (HIIT = +8.8±55.8, CRT = 0.0±60.7 and control group = 1.6±57.6 Nm) matched p-value<0,05. Regarding the physical performance, the CRT modality reduced chair stand test completion time (HIIT = -0.7±3.1, CRT = -3.3±3.2 and control group = -0.3±2.5 s, matched p-value<0,05 and HIIT improved global physical performance(time*group p<0,05). Conclusion This preliminary study trends to indicate for the first time that high-intensity interval training promotes a jointly superior effect compared to progressive high intensity circuit-resistance training by improving cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and physical performance. Further research with larger cohort is necessary. Clinical trial registration number ReBEC RBR-668c8v.
PDF
