English Noun+Adj compound adjectives containing an intensifying metaphor (e.g. crystal-clear) pose particular challenges for French translation, due in part to the absence of a direct equivalent ...construction. Our study examines morphosyntactic and conceptual-semantic translation procedures that capture how these challenges are resolved. We also explore the little-investigated aspect of translation variation (the number of different solutions for each item). We analyze the potential effects of two factors: the presence or absence of figurative intensification and the items’ frequency of use in English. Our results indicate that translators prefer different morphosyntactic procedures for different compound subtypes. Overall, an adjective constituent is most frequently retained, although complete reformulations with a noun or verb also occur. Semantically, the intensifying meaning is often rendered non-figuratively, depending on what is available in idiomatic French usage. Intensification is also frequently dropped. Translation variation is remarkably high, due in part to extensive use of near-synonyms. High-frequency items do not appear to converge on a smaller number of translations, but instead provide more opportunities for diversification.
The issues of teaching technical French and technical translation in FOS courses are whatwe aim to discuss in this thesis. To do this, we first examine the actual issues that arise in thetechnical ...specialty FOS classes that we are dealing with. In this way, we will try to address the issue,"Is there a specificity of technical education in a foreign language?" The existence or absence oftechnical language we'll quickly go over a few relevant notions concerning translation theory andhow it relates to teaching it in the paragraphs that follow. We conducted an experiment based onthese hypotheses on fifty second-year students at the Faculty of Mechanics and Technology of theUniversity of Pitesti, Romania, to determine whether they also hold true. In the end we drew our ownconclusions on this subject.
The paper focuses on time marks that may be detected in common law agreements and the translation issues they imply. In the first section, the author discusses the relation between time and law. The ...legal time governs the social time, as it ensures order and security. If memory is the manifestation of the legal past, the promise is the expression of the legal future. Depending on the legal culture taken into account, the legislator’s time may be more or less important than the time of the judge. The second section of the paper deals with time avatars that may be identified at the macrotextual level. The contract is understood as a promise that becomes obligation. The legal time is also expressed in contracts by the predictive capability of the parties, its acceleration and backwardness, its finiteness. The last section is an analysis of the translation of terms, collocations and metaphors expressing time in common law contracts.
In the process of deciding upon an appropriate equivalent for a legal term, the translator can choose between several possible strategies. The goal of the article is to analyse the translation ...strategies of French and Czech legal terms that do not have a direct equivalent in accessible terminographic sources of the target language. Among the possible strategies, it deals in particular with literal translation, functional equivalence and descriptive. It observes that all of the three strategies are used, to a greater or lesser extent, by the analysed terminographic sources and seeks to point out the problems that the use of each of the previously mentioned strategies may cause.
Proper names and realia are an integral part of literary translation. Often, they are intertwined and lexemes denoting realia are linguistically realized in the form of propria. The main aim of the ...article is to determine when proper names, within the transfer of literary text into another cultural environment, are approached as a translatological problem of realia. The article is based on their cultural characteristics, zero equiva¬lence and high association potential. We disagree with the assumption of many authors that anthroponyms do not belong to the cathegory of realia and therefore we also use examples from practice to confirm it.
This article discusses sex education books for children and young adults published in Poland between 1945 and 2018. After defining the ideological profile of 111 examined publications as either ...conservative, moderately conservative, neutral, moderately liberal or liberal, the authors compare the whole set of translated books (translations) with the whole set of books by Polish authors (non-translations), taking into account the date of publication and the age of the intended reader. The analysis shows that translations differ from texts written originally in Polish, because they promote other values. Polish books, especially those published before 1989, are usually neutral or moderately conservative, while translations mostly propagate moderately liberal or liberal ideologies. There is also a close correlation between those ideological categories and the age of the reader: books for the youngest audience are ideologically charged to only a small degree, and the ideological content increases with the age of the reader. This seems to be related to the larger number of translations in the older age groups. Translations, which usually reflect a liberal ideology, fill a gap in Polish culture by complementing or replacing the conservative sex education available in Polish schools, and by encouraging Polish authors to write sex education books expressing similar views.
The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly increased the meaning of videoconferencing in a professional setting. Furthermore, there has been an increase in the number of court hearings held via ...videoconference, although the advantages of this form of trial are still being questioned. Videoconferencing in court has also become a new challenge for court interpreters. Unfortunately, there are no current studies of Polish associations of translators which would provide a comprehensive presentation of issues related to translation in court by means of remote translation devices. However, the positions of the German associations of interpreters and translators contain an extensive mention of the advantages and disadvantages of this form of translation. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the possible issues related to court interpreting by means of videoconferencing based on the expertise of translators from Germany and Austria and of the author.
This study attempts to analyse the stylistic and cultural role of diminutives using examples from the short story collection The Last Wish by A. Sapkowski. With the rising popularity of the computer ...game series as well as the Netflix series based on The Witcher Saga, so rose the interest of the English-speaking world in the Slavic culture. The role of diminutives can present a serious linguistic and cultural barrier for any translator as they may or may not be present in the translator’s native tongue. Translating a text to a language in which diminutives play a significantly smaller role than in the original requires not only a robust lexical knowledge, but also the ability to express each of the four distinct functions of diminutives in an appropriate manner. The method chosen for this study involves compiling all the diminutives and hypocorisms from a given short story and comparing them with corresponding phrases chosen by the translator, as well as evaluating the techniques used and providing alternatives where applicable. The authors believe that a close look at the translation of diminutives will allow the public to fully appreciate the depth and nuance of meaning characterising the work steeped in Polish and Slavic tradition to such extent.
This article examines common translation errors that occur in the translation of legal texts. In particular, it focuses on how German texts containing legal terminology are rendered into Modern Greek ...by the Google translation machine. Our case study is the Google-assisted translation of the original (German) version of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany into Modern Greek. A training method is proposed for phrase extraction based on the occurrence frequency, which goes through the Skip-gram algorithm to be then integrated into the Self Attention Mechanism proposed by Vaswani et al. (2017) in order to minimise human effort and contribute to the development of a robust machine translation system for multi-word legal terms and special phrases. This Neural Machine Translation approach aims at developing vectorised phrases from large corpora and process them for translation. The research direction is to increase the in-domain training data set and enrich the vector dimension with more information for legal concepts (domain specific features).
This paper analyses the Scottish Gaelic political terminology used by the Scottish Parliament, based on the translations of three Annual Reports. Applying principles from terminology theory and ...taking minority-language concerns into account, the Scottish Gaelic terms are examined for methods of term formation and their relation to their English and, where applicable, Irish equivalents. Inconsistencies in the terminology are also considered. The results are placed in the wider context of research on Scottish Gaelic terminology and corpus planning. The paper argues that the examined terminology is shaped by the dominance of English, as well as by practical concerns arising from the current language planning situation.
