Abstract Background Despite widespread implementation of compulsory treatment modalities for drug dependence, there has been no systematic evaluation of the scientific evidence on the effectiveness ...of compulsory drug treatment. Methods We conducted a systematic review of studies assessing the outcomes of compulsory treatment. We conducted a search in duplicate of all relevant peer-reviewed scientific literature evaluating compulsory treatment modalities. The following academic databases were searched: PubMed, PAIS International, Proquest, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Soc Abstracts, JSTOR, EBSCO/Academic Search Complete, REDALYC, SciELO Brazil. We also searched the Internet, and article reference lists, from database inception to July 15th, 2015. Eligibility criteria are as follows: peer-reviewed scientific studies presenting original data. Primary outcome of interest was post-treatment drug use. Secondary outcome of interest was post-treatment criminal recidivism. Results Of an initial 430 potential studies identified, nine quantitative studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies evaluated compulsory treatment options including drug detention facilities, short (i.e., 21-day) and long-term (i.e., 6 months) inpatient treatment, community-based treatment, group-based outpatient treatment, and prison-based treatment. Three studies (33%) reported no significant impacts of compulsory treatment compared with control interventions. Two studies (22%) found equivocal results but did not compare against a control condition. Two studies (22%) observed negative impacts of compulsory treatment on criminal recidivism. Two studies (22%) observed positive impacts of compulsory inpatient treatment on criminal recidivism and drug use. Conclusion There is limited scientific literature evaluating compulsory drug treatment. Evidence does not, on the whole, suggest improved outcomes related to compulsory treatment approaches, with some studies suggesting potential harms. Given the potential for human rights abuses within compulsory treatment settings, non-compulsory treatment modalities should be prioritized by policymakers seeking to reduce drug-related harms.
•Review provides a comprehensive update on evidence base for residential treatment.•Of 23 studies, 10 were rated as methodologically strong, 5 as moderate and 8 as weak.•Results provide moderate ...evidence for the effectiveness of residential treatment.•Effectiveness evident for substance use and other life outcomes.•Best practice integrates mental health treatment and provides continuity of care.
Residential treatment is a standard treatment for individuals with severe and complex substance use problems. However, there is limited evidence on best practice approaches to treatment in these settings. This review provides a comprehensive update on the evidence base for residential treatment, and directions for future research and clinical practice.
A systematic review of all studies published between January 2013 and December 2018 was conducted. Public health and psychology databases (Medline, CINAHL, PsycARTICLES and PsycINFO) were systematically searched, and forward and backward snowballing were used to identify additional studies. Studies were included if they were quantitative, assessed the effectiveness of residential substance treatment programs for adults, were published in the English language and in peer-reviewed journals. The Effective Public Health Practice Project’s Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies was used to assess methodological quality.
Our search identified 23 studies. Eight were rated as methodologically strong, five as moderate and ten rated as weak. Quality ratings were impacted by attrition at follow-up and research design. Despite limitations, results provide moderate quality evidence for the effectiveness of residential treatment in improving outcomes across a number of substance use and life domains.
With caution, results suggest that best practice rehabilitation treatment integrates mental health treatment and provides continuity of care post-discharge. Future research and practice should focus on better collection of outcome data and conducting data linkage of key health, welfare and justice agency administrative data to enhance understanding of risk and recovery trajectories.
It is becoming clear that the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is a key repository for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and WWTPs also represent an important node for limiting ARGs spreading ...via altering the magnitude and distribution of ARGs in environment. This review provides an overview of the ARGs degradation performance both in sewage sludge and wastewater in WWTPs. The ARGs reduction behaviors during sludge treatment processes including anaerobic digestion (AD), composting, aerobic digestion, bio-drying and air-drying were reviewed, and parameters affecting ARGs reducing efficiency and the probable mechanisms were concluded. In particular, pretreatment approaches such as microwave, thermal hydrolysis and ozone before sludge AD are found to provide the extra benefits for ARGs removal. Additionally, ARGs fates and reduction mechanisms during sewage biological treatments such as anaerobic, aerobic, anaerobic combined with aerobic process and physical-chemical treatment including coagulation, advanced oxidation and disinfection processes were appraised. Furthermore, problems or doubts of previous study are proposed, and some in-depth mechanism researches are anticipated to elucidate the ARGs decay in sewage and sludge treatment process. This can help further enhance the ARGs removal efficiency in WWTPs.
Highlights • In the US, clients with psychiatric comorbidity have lower substance use disorder (SUD) treatment retention. • Comorbidity is most strongly associated with treatment (tx) non-completion ...for alcohol users. • Comorbidity does not impact retention of opioid users in programs that utilize medication assisted treatment (MAT).
On the basis of an examination of the colonial mercury and silver production processes and related labor systems, Mercury, Mining, and Empire explores the effects of mercury pollution in colonial ...Huancavelica, Peru, and Potosí, in present-day Bolivia. The book presents a multifaceted and interwoven tale of what colonial exploitation of indigenous peoples and resources left in its wake. It is a socio-ecological history that explores the toxic interrelationships between mercury and silver production, urban environments, and the people who lived and worked in them. Nicholas A. Robins tells the story of how native peoples in the region were conscripted into the noxious ranks of foot soldiers of proto-globalism, and how their fate, and that of their communities, was-and still is-chained to it.
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