Desire and Violence in Modern Sport Sakamoto, Takuya
International Journal of Sport and Health Science,
2017, 20170000, 2017-00-00, 20170101, Letnik:
15
Journal Article
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Why do we want to win in a sport as strongly as we do? This paper explored this question from the point of view of desire in an attempt to delineate how desire manifests in modern sports, as well as ...its relevance to brutality. A great many incidents that occur in real life teach us that modern sports involve a great deal of violence. It is equally clear that no violent behaviour will happen in a situation where no competition exists. As we confirmed at the outset, competitors are bound to have an essential desire to win in sports competitions. This desire is directed towards an object called victory. According to Girard, the desire to win is anything but autonomous; rather, it exists as the mimicry of another person's desire. When revisiting modern sports from the point of view of desire in this manner, we can see that international megaevents such as the Olympics, the world cups of various sports, etc., propagate our desire to win to a formidable degree. In other words, modern sports are intimately connected with capitalist economies and strengthen triangular desire in a synergistic manner. The strengthened desire lacks an outlet, reaches the hell of reciprocal mediation, and consequently manifests as brutality.
A tenacious American Muslim phenotype permeates the society reducing myriad races and ethnicities in the sub-culture to either Middle Eastern or South Asian. Frequently ignored is the extensive ...African American Muslim heritage stemming from enslavement. African American Muslims subvert notions about American Muslim experiences and present a social group with entrenched ownership in the country as well as nascent application of the Islamic faith. Analyzing literary works of African American Muslim authors reveals a distinctive cultural identity at intersections of race, faith and national identity—its members developing unique perspectives in the multifaceted American Muslim Culture. African American Muslim romance novels reflect amorous notions held by members of the subgroup. Examining texts reveals a triangular desire trope—the Stable Muslim Love Triangle—involving protagonists and the deity, Allah, at the apex as mediator of desire, driving the viability of love in plots.
This article focuses on the conceptualization and literary representation of female friendship in eighteenth-century Germany. It identifies obstacles women faced when trying to define the genuine ...character of their amicable relationships, discusses the important role female friendship played in women's emancipation at the time, including encouraging female authorship, and considers the function of female friendship in relation to heterosexual marital relationships. Sophie von La Roche's 1801 novel Fanny und Julia shows, I argue, that homo-emotional bonds between women, rather than being positioned in opposition to marriage, were understood as its complement, serving as a propaedeutic and providing emotional stability.
This article looks at African and black men and masculinities, triangulated desire, race, and subalternity in Charles Mungoshi's short story collections. It examines the negotiation of desire, and ...its interface and interplay with power relations and their negotiation in the colonial and postcolonial economies of domination and gender as depicted in the short stories. It uses the Gramscian concept of hegemony, Girard's mimetic theory of triangular desire, and Sedgwick's theory of gendered triangular desire, to examine these dynamics. It argues that colonial and postcolonial power and gender relations are negotiated through a complex interplay of desire that cannot all be accounted for by both Girard and Sedgwick's models, necessitating their modification to deal with the complexity of desire in a colonial and postcolonial context. The short story collections examined span the colonial and postcolonial eras and these are Coming of the Dry Season (1981), Some Kinds of Wounds (1980), and Walking Still (1997).
This article studies bisexuality in terms of sexual instrumentality, instead of sexual orientation. In Silko's Almanac of the Dead, David's sexuality is not marked by a hetero timeline hinged on ...marriage, a homo timeline initiated by the "coming out" moment or a bi timeline validated by sexual experiences with both genders. Instead, David's paternal aspiration and his financial need govern his opposite-sex relationship with Seese and his same-sex relationship with Beaufrey. In this bisexual triangle, David's sexual instrumentality ultimately generates an epistemology of bisexuality with regard to time, paternity and prostitution. Reconfiguring bisexuality from a matter of sexual attraction to both genders to a desire for things that particular sexual objects can offer to the subject, this article, on account of filiation and finance, deconstructs the discourse of sexual orientation.
This paper provides a new contention, which could be needed for developing the anti-doping education in Japan, through the critical consideration about its present situation. For this purpose, the ...question, “why do athletes choose doping?”, is explored from the perspective of Girard’s theory of desire. This theory suggests that the competitive sport includes the desire for victory and that the desire could paralyze the judgement of athlete with extravagance. Girard points that human desire is the “triangular” desire as a mimetic one and it means that the desire of a subject is not linear to an object but the mimesis of the mediator’s desire. In the position that the essence of competitive sport is the competition, the essence is equal to the desire for victory. Therefore, in the competitive sport, athletes have the desire for victory which is mimetic desire of the opposition. Moreover, the mediator also mimics the subject’s desire and its mediation form is called as the reciprocal mediation. This mediation form becomes “the hell of reciprocal mediation” in the case in which the spiritual distance between the subject and the mediator is close, and it builds the hostile relation between an athlete and the opposition. This relation makes the athlete to have the cognition which wants to just defeat the opposition rather than to win the game or match. Hence, in the hell of reciprocal mediation, an athlete chooses doping with paralyzing her sense of reality which is willing to follow the written rule or the spirit of fair play in competitive sport. Finally it is presented that, in anti-doping education, athletes themselves have to recognize the risk of the triangular desire in competitive sport.
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