Introduction
Assessing medical technologies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) creates challenges for current methods of value assessment. New value assessment approaches for AD are also needed.
Methods
We ...adapted concepts from health economics to help guide decision makers to more informed decisions about AD therapies and diagnostics.
Results
We propose a value framework based on five categories: perspective, value elements, analysis, reporting, and decision making. AD value assessments should include the perspective of the patient–caregiver dyad. We propose a broader array of value elements than currently used. Analytics and decision methods can synthesize evidence for all elements of value. Decisions should use a “deliberative appraisal” approach informed by the composite evidence and be transparently reported.
Discussion
Using the proposed framework, the value of forthcoming innovations for AD may be more thoroughly assessed for and by all stakeholders. It can guide decision makers to carefully consider all relevant elements of value contributing to more holistic and transparent decision making.
Research Highlights
Alzheimer's disease challenges common methods of evaluating medical technology.
Using current methods, new AD innovations might not be appropriately valued.
Poor value assessments will adversely affect patient access to AD innovations.
A full AD value framework expands perspective, elements, analysis, decision‐making, reporting.
•Middle range theories link empirical findings and general theories.•The Sport Value Framework is a general theory to explain value creation in sport.•The Sport Cluster Concept explains value ...creation in localised sport industries.•The Sport Clusters Concept is a middle range theory using a network approach.•Sport management research should use more holistic network approaches.
The Sport Value Framework provides a new logic for value creation in sport based on the Service-dominant logic. The Sport Value Framework is a general theory with high level of abstraction, and there is no middle-range theory yet to link it to empirical data. The purpose of this research is to provide one middle-range theory connecting empirical findings to the Sport Value Framework. The authors used a case study approach of a geographical localised sport industry. Primary data collection in the Auckland sailing industry included 27 interviews and observations at events. Secondary data include 13 documents of organisational information and archival data. Data were analysed with NVivo. The results suggest that the Sport Value Framework explains value creation within a localised sport industry. The middle-range theory between the authors’ data and the Sport Value Framework is the Sport Cluster Concept. Eight of the ten foundational premises of the Sport Value Framework are relevant to the case. The results confirm the Sport Cluster Concept as a middle-range theory to explain value creation in localised sport industries through the lenses of the Service-dominant logic. This research helps sport management practitioners to better understand value creation in localised sport industries. It suggests that sport management and marketing scholars should focus more on networks of actors and related inclusive empirical research designs rather than focusing on isolated elements and single actors of sport industries.
Evaluating rare disease interventions poses challenges for HTA agencies, including uncertainties and ethical issues and tensions. INESSS has recently adopted a Statement of Principles and Ethical ...Foundations which proposes a multidimensional approach to value appraisal as well as five principles to frame the evaluation process.
Our aim was to identify and analyze HTA challenges for appraising interventions for rare diseases, using the Statement's approach to value appraisal as an analytical framework, and outline how the Statement's principles can help address these challenges. Challenges, covering a diversity of aspects, were identified by leveraging institutional experience in diverse domains of expertise and consolidated through narrative literature review. Challenges were categorized by value dimension (clinical, populational, economic, organizational, and sociocultural), which allowed to pinpoint how each challenge affects the ability to appraise the value of an intervention. Key ethical tensions across dimensions were also identified. Specific approaches to addressing these challenges - related to knowledge mobilization and integration, deliberation, and recommendation-making - were outlined on the basis of the principles promulgated in the
.
A multidimensional approach can be fruitful for analyzing challenges for appraising the value of rare disease interventions and help guide approaches to tackle them.
The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) in the United States recently published a 2020 update to its value assessment framework. We are commenting on the method by which the benefits of ...health interventions are integrated, relating to contextual considerations and other factors relevant to an intervention’s value. We start by discussing the theoretical foundations of decision analysis and its extension to multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA). Then we provide a detailed, evidence-based response to some of the claims made by ICER with regard to the use of MCDA methods and stakeholder engagement. Finally, we provide a number of recommendations on the use of quantitative decision analysis and decision conferencing that could be of relevance to the ICER methodology. Overall, we agree that some of the proposed changes by ICER are moving in the right direction toward improving transparency in the value assessment process, but these changes are probably inadequate. We advocate that more serious attention should be paid to the use of quantitative decision analysis together with decision conferencing for the construction of value preferences via group processes for the integration of an intervention’s various benefit components.
•Multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) has emerged as a methodology for value-based assessment in healthcare evaluation and health technology assessment (HTA) with a number of conceptual, methodological, and empirical studies in recent years.•Existing evidence from the cognitive psychology literature on whether or not the use of an algorithm is a necessary step for the combination of multiple benefits and their value trade-offs, or whether it can be left to decision makers’ own capabilities, suggests that the human brain has a restricted “integrator” capacity, focusing on a limited number of effects.•An evidence-based response is provided to a number of claims by the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) in the United States with regards to the use of MCDA methods and stakeholder engagement. These responses relate to aspects of methodological robustness and reliability, complication of use, validation and consensus, and judgment transparency.•Quantitative decision analysis approaches such as MCDA offer an integration of all relevant benefits and risks for a decision problem, including their value trade-offs, into an overall value function that provides increased scope and depth of the clinically relevant evidence.•Value preferences can be constructed via decision conferencing, for which hundreds of successful decision analysis applications exist worldwide.
Research question: Spectating at sports events comprises on-pitch and off-pitch benefits. Value may also derive from spectator-to-spectator interaction, however, we do not know whether all types of ...interaction have similar effects on value creation and subsequent word-of-mouth (WOM) behaviours. We investigate two types of spectator-to-spectator interaction - between known/familiar others, and between unknown-others. We study their effects within a framework grounded in Customer Dominant Logic and sport value framework, integrating on-pitch sport performance, off-pitch service quality, overall satisfaction, team identification and WOM intention.
Research methods: Hypotheses were tested using a survey of 1002 spectators of a British Premier League football club. Respondents were asked about the last game they attended. Data were analysed using Structural Equations Modelling and PROCESS analysis.
Results and findings: Customer-to-customer interaction was antecedent to overall satisfaction and team identification. Satisfaction and team identification led to WOM intention, with team identification having greater effect. Evaluation of on-pitch performance (the football match) influenced overall satisfaction more than off-pitch service quality. The study contributes to knowledge in finding that customer-to-customer interaction with familiar accompaniers influenced satisfaction more than interaction with anonymous-other spectators. However, the latter contributed more to team identification and indirectly to WOM.
Implications: The study highlights the importance to sports events organisers of facilitating customer-to-customer interaction. While promotion of many sports events focuses on game performance, this study highlights the importance of promoting the social benefits of attendance in increasing positive WOM. Suggestions are made, including provision of social media platforms within events to promote interaction among spectators.
A comprehensive value framework for design Kheirandish, Shadi; Funk, Mathias; Wensveen, Stephan ...
Technology in society,
August 2020, 2020-08-00, 20200801, Letnik:
62
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The significance of human values in everyday life highlights the integral role of this concept in any design that aims to improve the quality of human life. By emphasizing the need for a ...comprehensive value framework for design, the present study explores a new value framework to be used as a common ground in design. For this purpose, we empirically investigate how different people group human values. By spreading the link of our Human Values Survey worldwide via the internet, a variety of participants with different cultural backgrounds were reached, and hierarchical cluster analysis was used to analyze the data. As a result, 568 complete answers were collected, from which nine value groups were concluded: “carefulness”, “justice”, “ecology”, “respect for others”, “meaningfulness”, “status”, “pleasure”, “respect for oneself” and “personal development”. After clustering our data, we propose a value framework with four themes, nine value groups, 42 key values, and 135 extra values. This framework, raising designers’ awareness and widening their view of human values, provides the opportunity to address a diverse range of human values in design.
•A comprehensive value framework can raise designers' awareness about human values and help them to consider various types of value in their design projects.•Grouping human values based on different aspects of life (e.g., social, economic, and moral) is intelligible and makes better sense than using motivational types of value for grouping.•“Healthy” is reported to be the most important human value out of 63 value items.
The 2017–2027 United States National Academy of Sciences Decadal Survey (DS) for Earth Science and Applications from Space identified Mass Change (MC) as one of five Designated Observables (DOs) ...having the highest priority in terms of Earth observations required to advance Earth system science over the next decade. In response to this designation, NASA initiated several multi-center studies, with the goal of recommending observing system architectures for each DO for implementation within this decade. This paper provides an overview of the Mass Change Designated Observable (MCDO) Study along with key findings. The study process included: (a) generation of a Science and Applications Traceability Matrix (SATM) that maps required measurement parameters to the DS Science and Applications Objectives; (b) identification of three architecture classes relevant for measuring mass change: Precise Orbit Determination (POD), Satellite-Satellite-Tracking (SST) and Gravity Gradiometry (GG), along with variants within each architecture class; and (c) creation of a Value Framework process that considers science value, cost, risk, schedule, and partnership opportunities, to identify and recommend high value observing systems for further in-depth study. The study team recommended the implementation of an SST architecture, and identified variants that simultaneously (a) satisfy the baseline measurement parameters of the SATM; (b) maximize the probability of providing overlap with the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On (GRACE-FO) mission currently in operation, accelerating science return from both missions; and (c) provide a pathway towards substantial improvements in resolution and accuracy of mass change data products relative to the program of record.
To explore the challenges presented by gene therapies, discuss potential solutions, and present policy recommendations.
A review of the literature and series of expert interviews were conducted and ...discussed at a Policy Forum convened by The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER). The Policy Forum was attended by independent experts and senior representatives from 20 payer organizations and life sciences companies.
Three categories of challenges are identified: evidence generation, assessing value and affordability. Possible solutions and policy recommendations are presented for each of the three main categories of challenges.
Gene therapies present exciting opportunities, but also pose major challenges. Dialogue between manufacturers and payers around the issues and possible solutions is crucial.
Abstract
Purpose
Rapid development of novel therapeutics in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has led to financial burden for patients and society. Value including clinical benefit, toxicity affecting ...quality of life and cost-effectiveness are a concern, prompting the need for tools to facilitate value assessment of therapeutics. This study reviews the value assessment tools, and evaluates the value of emerging therapeutics in RCC.
Materials and methods
Two medical oncologists used American Society of Clinical Oncology value framework (ASCO VF) v2.0 and European Society for Medical Oncology-magnitude of clinical benefit scale (ESMO-MCBS) v1.1 to phase 3 trials evaluating first-line therapy in patients with metastatic RCC. Follow-up (FU) reports and extended survival data were included. Equivocal aspects and limitations of the tools were discussed.
Results
Six trials (COMPARZ, CheckMate 214, JAVELIN renal 101, Keynote 426, CLEAR, and CheckMate 9ER) were assessed. The control arm was standard-of-care sunitinib in all trials. ASCO VF’s net health benefit, calculated as clinical benefit, toxicity and other bonus point was 11 in pazopanib, 41.9 in nivolumab plus ipilimumab, 22.4 in axitinib plus avelumab, 48.7 in axitinib plus pembrolizumab, 35.2 in lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab, and 50.8 in cabozantinib plus nivolumab. A higher score means a greater treatment benefit. ESMO-MCBS gave grade 5 to nivolumab plus ipilimumab, 4 to pazopanib, lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab and cabozantinib plus nivolumab, 3 to axitinib plus avelumab or pembrolizumab. Both tools had unclear aspects to be applied to clinical practice, and should be more clearly defined, such as endpoint for determining survival benefits or how to standardize quality of life and toxicity.
Conclusions
ASCO VF and ESMO-MCBS were applied to evaluate the newly emerging drugs in RCC and assessed their value. In-depth discussion by experts in various fields is required for appropriate clinical application in a real-world setting.
This research paper describes the use of a ‘User-Perceived Value Game’ to explore the value of development initiatives as perceived by villagers in 119 interview settings in seven Ugandan villages. ...Based on the findings from the game, a ‘User-Perceived Value Framework’ is developed, consisting of 64 value categories. This is depicted graphically as a ‘User-Perceived Value Wheel’ supported by a ‘Key Phrase Wheel’, both can be modified using computer-assisted software developed by one of the authors. The aim is to understand the reasons why something is perceived by the end user to be important. This will lead to an improved understanding of how a development initiative can be better tailored for lower-income markets. The initiative can then be marketed appropriately, which will result in user acceptance because the initiative will be perceived to have personal value to the user and therefore the user will care for its upkeep. The paper concludes with a brief application of the ‘User-Perceived Value Wheel’ to demonstrate how this tool can be used to better understand the true sustainability drivers behind rural electrification development initiatives.
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