This book contains 20 chapters about the impact, environmental fate, modes of action, efficacy, and non-target effects of insecticides. The chapters are divided into 7 parts. Part 1 covers the ...non-target effects of insecticides, whereas part 2 is dedicated to integrated methods for pest control, in which insecticides are an important element for diminishing the populations of insect pests. Part 3 includes chapters about the non-chemical alternatives to insecticides, such as metabolic stress and plant extracts. Insecticides and human health are the main topic of part 4, and the interactions between insecticides and environment are discussed in part 5. Part 6 includes the chapters about insecticides against pests of urban areas, forests and farm animals, whereas biotechnology and other advances in pest control are discussed in part 7.
This book contains 30 Chapters divided into 5 Sections. Section A covers integrated pest management, alternative insect control strategies, ecological impact of insecticides as well as pesticides and ...drugs of forensic interest. Section B is dedicated to chemical control and health risks, applications for insecticides, metabolism of pesticides by human cytochrome p450, etc. Section C provides biochemical analyses of action of chlorfluazuron, pest control effects on seed yield, chemical ecology, quality control, development of ideal insecticide, insecticide resistance, etc. Section D reviews current analytical methods, electroanalysis of insecticides, insecticide activity and secondary metabolites. Section E provides data contributing to better understanding of biological control through Bacillus sphaericus and B. thuringiensis, entomopathogenic nematodes insecticides, vector-borne disease, etc. The subject matter in this book should attract the reader's concern to support rational decisions regarding the use of pesticides.
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are important pests of many cultivated plants. Recently, the most efficient chemical control products (e.g. methyl bromide) have now been restricted due to ...their toxic characteristics. Research on agents that work against root-knot nematodes and do not have a detrimental impact on the environment is becoming increasingly important. Advances in the last decades produced quite a number of biocontrol products that are already marketed. Some of the well-accepted commercial products contain bacteria Bacillus firmus and Pasteuria penetrans, and fungus Purpureocillium lilacinus. In this review we summarize the antagonistic activity of bacteria and fungi, with their advantages and limitations in biocontrol of root-knot nematodes.
In a laboratory experiment an efficacy of entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae in controlling third-stage larvae of common cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) was studied. The experiment ...comprised of commercial product Entonem and indigenous strain C76. The efficacy of both biological agents was tested at 20 and 25 °C and at four different concentrations of nematode suspension: 0, 250.000 infective juveniles IJs/m2, 500.000 IJs/m2, and 1.000.000 IJs/m2. Higher mortality rate (27 %) of white grubs was obtained for strain C76 rather than for commercial product (20 %). In our experiment temperature proved to be the most limiting factor in efficacy of tested biological agents. Meanwhile, mortality rate at 20 °C was 34 % and only 12 % mortality was achieved at 25 °C. At highest concentration of nematode suspension and 20 °C also the highest mortality rate (53 %) with strain C76 was obtained.
V laboratorijskem poskusu smo preučevali učinkovitost entomopatogene ogorčice Steinernema feltiae za zatiranje ličink tretje larvalne stopnje poljskega majskega hrošča (Melolontha melolontha). V poskus smo vključili komercialni pripravek Entonem in domorodno raso C76. Delovanje omenjenih biotičnih agensov smo ugotavljali pri 20 in 25 °C ter štirih različnih koncentracijah suspenzije ogorčic: 0, 250.000 infektivnih ličink IL/m2, 500.000 IL/m2 in 1.000.000 IL/m2. Rasa C76 je vplivala na višjo stopnjo smrtnosti (27 %) ogrcev, v primerjavi s komercialnim pripravkom (20 %). Temperatura se je v našem poskusu izkazala kot najbolj omejujoč dejavnik učinkovitosti preizkušanih biotičnih agensov, saj smo pri 20 °C dosegli 34 % smrtnost ogrcev, medtem ko je bila ta pri 25 °C le 12 %. Pri najvišji koncentraciji suspenzije ogorčic in 20 °C je bila pri rasi C76 dosežena najvišja stopnja smrtnosti ogrcev, in sicer 53 %.
In 2008, a lucerne aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday was first recorded in Slovenia. This oligophagous parasitoid is used as biological control agent against bigger aphid species. By sampling ...aphid mummies on different locations in Slovenia in 2008, we found parasitoid Aphidius ervi on nine host plants (corn, pea, alfalfa, red clover, winter wheat, oat, onion, potato and winter barley). Among 1812 primary parasitoids found in Slovenia in 2008, there were 46 individuals of Aphidius ervi; 21 male and 25 female parasitoids. In the present paper description of the species, its geographic distribution and host plant-aphid-parasitoid associations are given.
V letu 2008 smo v Sloveniji prvič ugotovili zastopanost parazitoida Aphidius ervi Haliday, ki parazitira zlasti listne uši na metuljnicah (Fabaceae). Ta oligofagni parazitoid se uporablja kot biotični agens večjih vrst listnih uši. Parazitoida Aphidius ervi smo v letu 2008 našli na 9 gostiteljskih rastlinah (koruza, grah, lucerna, črna detelja, ozimna pšenica, oves, čebula, krompir in ozimni ječmen) v Sloveniji, in sicer med vzorčenjem ušjih mumij. V letu 2008 smo nabrali 1812 primarnih parazitoidov, med njimi je bilo 46 osebkov vrste Aphidius ervi; 21 je bilo samcev in 25 samic. V prispevku je opisana vrsta, njena geografska razširjenost in povezava med gostiteljsko rastlino, ušjo ter parazitoidom.
A fungicide is a chemical pesticide compound that kills or inhibits the growth of fungi. In agriculture, fungicide is used to control fungi that threaten to destroy or compromise crops. Fungicides ...for Plant and Animal Diseases is a book that has been written to present the most significant advances in disciplines related to fungicides. This book comprises of 14 chapters considering the application of fungicides in the control and management of fungal diseases, which will be very helpful to the undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, teachers of microbiology, biotechnology, agriculture and horticulture.
Sucking insects, which representatives are also aphids, can cause important economic damage on cultivated and wild-growing plants in vegetable ecosystems. Our research was based on the aim of ...biological control, which is to limit or to control the pests with the use of their natural enemies. From April to November 2006 living aphids and their mummies were sampled together with their host plants in four locations in Slovenia. The samples have been taken from vegetables, weeds, within-crops plants and from the plants in the field borders. The occurrence of 18 aphid species was confirmed - 14 of them were parasitised. In our research 365 parasitoid specimens (17 species from 8 genera - Aphidius, Binodoxys, Diaeretiella, Ephedrus, Lipolexis, Lysiphlebus, Monoctonus, and Praon - of the family Aphidiidae) were recorded and identified. The most abundant parasitoid species were Aphidius matricariae (32.2 %) and Lysiphlebus fabarum (29.3 %). Parasitoid L. fabarum had the widest range of hosts; it parasitised aphids on the plants from 7 different botanical families. Sex ratio in our research confirmed the known fact, that in natural ecosystems female parasitoids are more numerous than the male parasitoids; this ratio in our research was 71%: 29%.
Sesajoče žuželke, med katere spadajo tudi prave listne uši, lahko povzročajo pomembno gospodarsko škodo na gojenih in samoniklih rastlinah v vrtnarskih ekosistemih. V naši raziskavi smo se opirali na cilj biotičnega varstva rastlin, ki je z naravnimi sovražniki omejiti oziroma zatreti škodljivce. Od aprila do novembra 2006 smo na štirih lokacijah v Sloveniji vzorčili žive listne uši in ušje mumije na gostiteljskih rastlinah. Vzorce smo nabirali na vrtninah, plevelih, medsevkih in robnih posevkih. Ugotovili smo zastopanost 18 vrst pravih listnih uši, kar 14 vrst pa je bilo parazitiranih. V nabranih vzorcev smo identificirali 365 osebkov parazitoidov listnih uši, ki so pripadali 17 različnim vrstam iz 8 rodov (Aphidius, Binodoxys, Diaeretiella, Ephedrus, Lipolexis, Lysiphlebus, Monoctonus in Praon) družine Aphidiidae. Najbolj množično sta se pojavljali vrsti Aphidius matricariae (32,2 %) in Lysiphlebus fabarum (29,3 %). Vrsta L. fabarum je imela tudi najširši spekter gostiteljev in je parazitirala uši na rastlinskih vrstah iz 7 različnih botaničnih družin. Če številčno primerjamo zastopanost spolov, lahko potrdimo znano dejstvo, da je število samic v naravi večje od števila samcev; v naši raziskavi je bilo omenjeno razmerje 71%: 29%.
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