Supporting the adoption of zero-emission vehicle (ZEVs), including plug-in electric vehicles (EVs), has become a priority for governments due to their ability to reduce petroleum demand, improve air ...quality, and reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Optimal strategies to accelerate EV adoption must weigh the relative value of alternative policy mechanisms to consumers, including public charging infrastructure and vehicle purchase subsidies. We use a historically validated light-duty vehicle consumer choice tool, the ADOPT model, to simulate personal light-duty vehicle adoption and related emissions in California. ADOPT is updated to incorporate a quantification of the tangible value of public charging infrastructure, allowing us to simulate the impact of investments in public charging infrastructure and vehicle purchase subsidies under different scenarios. We show that both policies result in increased EV adoption, with the most effective policy varying depending on vehicle technology assumptions. Under conservative technology improvement assumptions, infrastructure investments are most effective in promoting EV sales and reducing CO2 emissions, while under optimistic technology improvement assumptions a combination of infrastructure and subsidies best supports EV sales and CO2 emission reductions.
•We model the impact of public charging infrastructure and subsidies on EV adoption.•All policies explored support EV adoption and reduce CO2 emissions independently.•Technology assumptions impact the relative effectiveness of each policy.•Infrastructure is most effective in promoting BEV sales and reducing CO2 emissions under conservative technology assumptions.•A combination of infrastructure and subsidies is most effective under optimistic technology assumptions.
Fuzzy logic control, due to its simple control structure, easy and cost-effective design, has been successfully employed to the application of guidance and control in robotic fields. This paper aims ...to review fuzzy-logic-based guidance and control in an important branch of robots—marine robotic vehicles. First, guidance and motion forms including the maneuvering, path following, trajectory tracking, and position stabilization are described. Subsequently, the application of three major classes of fuzzy logic control, including the conventional fuzzy control (Mamdani fuzzy control and Takagi–Sugeno–Kang fuzzy control), adaptive fuzzy control (self-tuning fuzzy control and direct/indirect adaptive fuzzy control), and hybrid fuzzy control (fuzzy PID control, fuzzy sliding mode control, and neuro-fuzzy control) are presented. In particular, we summarize the design and analysis process of direct/indirect adaptive fuzzy control and fuzzy PID control in marine robotic fields. In addition, two comparative results between hybrid fuzzy control and the corresponding single control are provided to illustrate the superiority of hybrid fuzzy control. Finally, trends of the fuzzy future in marine robotic vehicles are concluded based on its state of the art.
•We present a hierarchical control strategy for connected hybrid electric vehicles.•Both controllers solve problems focusing on fuel efficiency and energy management.•Control strategy results in ...improvement in fuel efficiency and system mobility.•Reduction of carbon dioxide emission by the improvement of system mobility.•Reduction of red light idling of the vehicles is also achieved.
This paper presents a fuel efficient control strategy for a group of connected hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) in urban road conditions. A hierarchical control architecture is proposed in this paper for every HEV, where the higher level and the lower level controller share information with each other and solve two different problems that aim at improving its fuel efficiency. The higher level controller of each HEV is considered to utilize traffic light information, through vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication, and state information of the vehicles in its near neighborhood, via vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication. Apart from that, the higher level controller of each HEV uses the recuperation information from the lower level controller and provides it the optimal velocity profile by solving its problem in a model predictive control framework. Each lower level controller uses adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) for following their velocity profiles, obtained from the higher level controller, in a fuel efficient manner. In this paper, the vehicles are modeled in Autonomie software and the simulation results are provided in the paper that shows the effectiveness of the proposed control architecture.
•To get better fuel efficiency, vehicle application scenarios must be considered.•Particles emitted during GPF regeneration could occupy 69.92%–84.81% of the total particles.•GPF regeneration brings ...more thin particle exposure to the public.•CLTC doesn’t close the gap between laboratory tests and real driving.
Many studies have found that WLTC (The Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycles) doesn’t accord well to real driving in different regions and it’s necessary to develop local test cycles. China announced its local test cycle in 2019: CLTC (China light-duty vehicle test cycle). To evaluate vehicle emission under different cycles, one conventional gasoline vehicle and its hybrid counterpart were tested on the chassis dynamometer following CLTC, WLTC, and RDE (Real Driving Emission). The fuel consumption between WLTC and RDE is at the same level. While for the conventional, CLTC fuel consumption is 8.41% higher than WLTC and for the hybrid, it’s 20.23% lower than WLTC. To get better vehicle fuel efficiency, vehicle application scenarios must be considered. Frequent re-start and longer warm-up time of the hybrid leads to high CO emission than the conventional. High engine speed could result in instantaneous CO spikes and with these spikes, 25% of the total CO could be emitted in less than 10 s. For the conventional, NOx emitted during engine warm-up occupied 85.39%, 87.02%, 43.06%, 31.98%, and 55.43% of the total NOx respectively for CLTC, WLTC and three RDE tests. NOx emitted from the hybrid is less than 10% of the conventional due to lower engine load and less fuel enrichment. Hybrid particle emission is under good control with the equipment of the gasoline particle filter, but the regeneration might increase thin particle exposure to the public. For most pollutants, CLTC doesn't close the gap between laboratory tests and real driving.
Are We There Yet? Pagano, Michael A; Brown, Austin; Caldwell, Stan ...
12/2020, Letnik:
24
eBook
Autonomous vehicle (AV) technology represents a possible paradigm shift in our way of life. But complex challenges and obstacles impose a reality at odds with the utopian visions propounded by AV ...enthusiasts in the private and public sectors. The new volume in the Urban Agenda series examines the technological questions still surrounding autonomous vehicles and the uncertain societal and legislative impact of widespread AV adoption. Assessing both short- and long-term concerns, the authors probe how autonomous vehicles might change transportation but also land use, energy consumption, mass transit, commuter habits, traffic safety, job markets, the freight industry, and supply chains. At the same time, the essays discuss opportunities for industry, researchers, and policymakers to make the autonomous future safer, more efficient, and more mobile. Contributors: Austin Brown, Stan Caldwell, Chris Hendrickson, Kazuya Kawamura, Taylor Long, and P. S. Srira.
•We model the mixed traffic of traditional vehicles (TVs) and connected vehicles (CVs).•We examine the mixed traffic flow efficiency and safety.•We incorporate human factors, particularly driver ...compliance.•CVs can enhance traffic flow efficiency and safety.•CV’s spatial distribution is important.
In the foreseeable future, connected vehicles (CVs) will coexist with traditional vehicles (TVs) resulting in a complex mixed traffic environment and the success of CVs will depend on the characteristics of this mixed traffic. Therefore, before the large scale deployment of CVs, it is important to examine how CVs will influence the characteristics of the resultant mixed traffic. To achieve this aim, this study models the mixed traffic of TVs and CVs, and examines the traffic flow disturbance, efficiency, and safety. Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) with estimation errors is utilised to model TVs since it incorporates human factors such as estimation errors. Whereas, connected vehicle driving strategy integrated with IDM is utilised to model CVs because it incorporates driver compliance, a critical human factor for the success of CVs. Moreover, two classes of drivers based on their compliance levels are considered, namely the high-compliance drivers and the low-compliance drivers, to comprehensively investigate the impact of driver compliance on the mixed traffic of CVs and TVs. Two simulation experiments are performed in this study. The first experiment is used to measure traffic flow disturbance and safety while the second is used to measure the traffic flow efficiency. Furthermore, a total of 7 mixed traffic environments are generated in each experiment via different combinations of TVs, CVs with low compliance drivers, and CVs with high compliance drivers. Another important point considered in the simulation is the spatially distribution of CVs in the platoon. As such, three platoon policies are investigated. In the first policy i.e., the best case, the CVs are spatially arranged with a motive to maximise benefits from CVs whereas in the second policy i.e., the worst case, the CVs are spatially arranged with a motive to minimise benefits from CVs. Finally, in the third platoon policy i.e., the random case, the CVs are distributed randomly in the platoon. This study demonstrates the importance of the spatial arrangement of CVs in a platoon at a given penetration rate and its impact on traffic flow disturbance, efficiency, and safety. Moreover, findings from this study underscores that CVs can supress the traffic flow disturbance, and enhance traffic flow efficiency, and safety; however, traffic engineers and policy makers have to be cautious regarding how CVs are distributed in a traffic stream when deploying these vehicles in the real world traffic environment.
•Introducing triplets of vehicles to utilize the full flexibility of CAVs in the mixed traffic.•Presenting cooperative optimal merging maneuvers, satisfying safety and comfort constraints.•Providing ...smooth merging maneuvers, avoiding the merging vehicle to stop.•The controllers do not need to be readjusted.
A major challenging issue related to the emerging mixed traffic vehicular system, composed of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) together with human-driven vehicles, is the lack of adequate modeling and control framework, especially at traffic bottlenecks such as highway merging areas. A hierarchical control framework for merging areas is first outlined, where we assume that the merging sequence is decided by a higher control level. The focus of this paper is the lower level of the control framework that establishes a set of control algorithms for cooperative CAV trajectory optimization, defined for different merging scenarios in the presence of mixed traffic. To exploit complete cooperation flexibility of the vehicles, we identify six scenarios, consisting of triplets of vehicles, defined based on the different combinations of CAVs and conventional vehicles. For each triplet, different consecutive movement phases along with corresponding desired distance and speed set-points are designed. Through the movement phases, the CAVs engaged in the triplet cooperate to determine their optimal trajectories aiming at facilitating an efficient merging maneuver, while complying with realistic constraints related to safety and comfort of vehicle occupants. Distinct models are considered for each triplet, and a Model Predictive Control scheme is employed to compute the cooperative optimal control inputs, in terms of acceleration of CAVs, accounting also for human-driven vehicles’ uncertainties, such as drivers’ reaction time and desired speed tracing error. Simulation investigations demonstrate that the proposed cooperative merging algorithms ensure efficient and smooth merging maneuvers while satisfying all the prescribed constraints.
Recently, connected vehicles (CV) are becoming a promising research area leading to the concept of CV as a Service (CVaaS). With the increase of connected vehicles and an exponential growth in the ...field of online cab booking services, new requirements such as secure, seamless and robust information exchange among vehicles of vehicular networks are emerging. In this context, the original concept of vehicular networks is being transformed into a new concept known as connected and autonomous vehicles. Autonomous vehicular use yields a better experience and helps in reducing congestion by allowing current information to be obtained by the vehicles instantly. However, malicious users in the internet of vehicles may mislead the whole communication where intruders may compromise smart devices with the purpose of executing a malicious ploy. In order to prevent these issues, a blockchain technique is considered the best technique that provides secrecy and protection to the control system in real time conditions. In this paper, the issue of security in smart sensors of connected vehicles that can be compromised by expert intruders is addressed by proposing a blockchain framework. This study has further identified and validated the proposed mechanism based on various security criteria, such as fake requests of the user, compromise of smart devices, probabilistic authentication scenarios and alteration in stored user's ratings. The results have been analyzed against some existing approach and validated with improved simulated results that offer 79% success rate over the above-mentioned issues.
The idea that electric vehicles can connect to the electric grid to provide ancillary services, such as frequency regulation, peak shaving and spinning reserves is compelling, especially in ...jurisdictions where traditional forms of storage, back-up or peak supply are unavailable or expensive. Since conception, the economic viability of vehicle-to-grid operations has been the subject of debate. A common shortcoming of most of the previous studies has been a proper accounting of Lithium-ion battery degradation in the development of business models. Very recently, papers on the viability of V2G were published for which the detailed account of battery degradation resulted in what appeared to be two ostensibly contradictory conclusions. In this paper, the authors of these two major studies jointly reconcile their previous conclusions by providing clarity on how methodologies to manage battery degradation can reliably extend battery life. The paper also reviews the associated technology and policy implications of better managing battery use in vehicle and electrical grid applications.
•V2G without consideration of battery degradation, on-line, is not viable.•Algorithms with objective of maximizing longevity can extend life of battery.•Establishing compensation model will be challenging and necessary for V2G to expand.•Establishing free market to aggregate and trade grid services will lead to V2G growth.
Energy efficient and new energy vehicles are key measures in addressing China's energy and environment problems. In terms of the prospect of different technologies, the industrial and academic ...circles have not reached a consensus yet. In this study, the current situation and future development of main technology pathways in China are discussed. Specifically, internal combustion engines will be simpler in the future as a result of electric motor coupling. Battery electric vehicles are faced with a certain challenges currently and should be adopted in smaller vehicles at first. Hybrid technologies should be considered a significant development stage and should be applied before 2018. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and extended range electric vehicles are different in essence and should be applied based on their original intentions. Fuel cell vehicles are confronted with multiple challenges currently and will probably popularize after 2025.
•Critical issues of energy efficient and new energy vehicles are discussed.•Battery electric vehicles should be more adopted in smaller vehicles.•Vehicle manufacturers should apply hybrid technology before 2018.•Fuel cell vehicles will probably popularize after 2025.
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