Victim emotionality is one of the most influential factors in sexual crime cases. Traditionally, the study of emotionality has been limited to behaviour-descriptors such as conveying panic or ...appearing shaken, however, such studies must also be extended to the content of the victim's testimony. Factors that affect emotionality within victim speech have not been sufficiently explored. Figurative language - such as metaphor, hyperbole, and simile - has been viewed historically as a tool to enhance persuasion, source credibility, and influence attitude changes within listeners. Thus, the use of figurative language may be the quickest and most effective way for victims to communicate the impact of sexual abuse. The present research focused on the intentional meta-linguistic content of victim testimony such as the use of figurative language; specifically, hyperbole. We investigated whether professionals and laypersons preferred a hyperbolic phrase, or a literal phrase in victim testimony, when asked to assume the role of the speaker, using a 'fill-in-the-blank' task. The results showed that professionals preferred the literal phrase, whereas laypersons preferred the hyperbolic. This would suggest that the pragmatic functions of hyperbole are different for laypersons (who could become complainants or jury members) and law enforcement; the implications of this difference are discussed.
Sexual assault is a significantly under-reported, -investigated, and -prosecuted crime in the United States, which criminal justice and advocacy actors across the country are working to address. Law ...enforcement procedures often involve providing crime victims, including sexual assault victims, with written notification by mail about the status of their case, but little is known about the best practices for victim notification in sexual assault “cold” cases. This qualitative research explored whether this standard law enforcement practice was appropriate for sexual assault victims in “cold cases” particularly when there had been no contact from law enforcement, despite forensic evidence having been tested. The research questions were what do sexual assault victims in cold cases have to say about victim notification protocols and practices? and What do sexual assault victims in cold cases have to say about hypothetical written victim notification protocols? Twenty-three sexual assault victims were asked in focus groups and individual interviews to respond to hypothetical written notification letters for content and the sending authority and to give input on alternative modes of communication. The data were analyzed using grounded theory. Themes related to trust, personal agency, and decision making from notification examples emerged. Recommendations on notification included respecting privacy, including specifics, identifying next steps, normalizing, translating, and providing resources. Implications for developing notification protocols include use of emerging evidence about neurobiology of trauma, use of victim input, and patience for the varying reactions and needs of sexual assault victims.
One major goal of face‐to‐face restorative justice (RJ) is to help heal the psychological harm suffered by crime victims (Braithwaite, 2002). Substantial evidence from randomized controlled trials ...(RCTs) has shown that this can be accomplished (Strang, 2002) and more trials are underway (Sherman & Strang, 2004). These outcomes are even more clearly, if less rigorously, demonstrated through retrospective interviews of victims about their feelings before and after RJ took place. We review the responses of victims (N= 210) who participated in trials in Canberra (Australia) and in London, Thames Valley, and Northumbria (UK). Despite substantial variations in offense types, social contexts, nation and race, before‐after changes revealed by qualitative and quantitative data are all in the same beneficial direction.
Although numerous studies have found a strong relationship between offending and victimization risk, the etiology of this relationship is not well understood. Largely absent from this research is an ...explicit focus on neighborhood processes. However, theoretical work found in the subculture of violence literature implies that neighborhood street culture may help to account for the etiology of this phenomenon. Specifically, we should expect the magnitude of the victim–offender overlap to vary closely with neighborhood‐based violent conduct norms. This research uses waves 1 and 2 of the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS) to test the empirical validity of these notions. Our results show that the victim–offender overlap is not generalizeable across neighborhood contexts; in fact, it is especially strong in neighborhoods where the street culture predominates, whereas it is significantly weaker in areas where this culture is less prominent. These results indicate that neighborhood‐level cultural processes help to explain the victim–offender overlap, and they may cause this phenomenon to be context specific.
Marital rape is part of the form of rape in domestic violence. Its limited characteristics in the family sphere and cultural construction make marital rape sometimes escapes the attention of victims ...and also the community. In Indonesia, marital rape is still considered as abnormally and impossible incident, it is considered as impossible act for a husband to rape his own wife or vice versa. In several cases had occurred in Indonesia, marital rape become a trigger for physical violence that led to murder (homicide). For example in the two cases of homicide has occurred in Serang City in 2021 and Cilegon 2019. In these two cases, marital rape occurred which led to murder or loss of life. This paper will examine women who are victims of marital rape who are designated as murder suspects, a case study in Serang City. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statutory approach and cases approach. The results of this study indicate that the determination of woman victims of marital rape as murder suspects in the perspective of victimology does not consider the perspective of the victim's role in the occurrence of a crime. There are two criminal acts happening simultaneously; marital rape and murder. First, the husband as the perpetrator of marital rape against his wife who later becomes a victim of murder due to self defense (the second case). Therefore, in the theory of victim precipitation, the victim plays a role in creating the crime it-self. The causes of marital rape victims who later become perpetrators of murder must also be considered about. The role of the perpetrators of marital rape is active participation which then resulted in his death. The things that attend in this situation must and need to be considered by law enforcement officials, from the first thing when conducting an investigation. This will affect the next law enforcement process. Therefore, victim precipitation must be considered by investigators in reviewing the chronology of the case before determining the suspect in order to fulfill the rights and protection of the actual victims.
Multiple‐victim parricides in South Africa, 1990–2019 Moen, Melanie; Shon, Phillip
Journal of investigative psychology and offender profiling,
October 2020, 2020-10-00, 20201001, Letnik:
17, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Previous studies of homicides in South Africa have examined serial murders and mass killings. While some scholars have examined parricides in African countries such as Ghana and Zimbabwe, few have ...examined the intersection of parricide and multiple victim homicides in the context of South Africa. This paper examines multiple victim parricides in a South African context using newspapers and court records as data. Eighteen cases of multiple‐victim parricides were identified and analysed. Our findings indicate that multiple victim parricides in South Africa are shaped by residential patterns as well as social and cultural factors that are unique to South Africa that are embodied in the offence characteristics. The implications on the findings are discussed.
The present study explored social responses toward male victims of female-perpetrated rape by analyzing 505 comments posted on
www.theGuardian.com
in response to the report that Shia LaBeouf, an ...American actor and director, was raped by a woman. Using inductive thematic analysis, three themes were generated: Victim’s Character, Victim’s Behavior and Victim’s Story. In addition, each comment was rated regarding its general attitude toward the victim: negative, positive, or mixed. We found that 55% of the comments expressed negative, blaming attitudes toward the victim, 35% were positive and supportive, and 10% were mixed. The findings show that negative comments depict rape as a sexual act against the victim’s will, whereas positive comments portray rape as sexual acts without the victim’s consent. Additionally, negative comments addressed expectation regarding “real men” and “real rape,” whereas positive comments emphasized gender equality in rape comprehension and victim treatment. Our discussion addresses the findings within the context of traditional gender roles and perceptions of “real” rape and presents implications for education and training. Furthermore, we suggest that the existence of positive and mixed responses may indicate a possible change in boundaries of social responses not just regarding male rape victims, but for all rape victims.
Objectives:
Examine the prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and offending, as well as the overlap of these experiences.
Method:
Data from wave 4 of the National ...Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were analyzed to examine IPV among adults ages 24 to 33. A multinomial logistic regression model was estimated to determine whether the correlates of IPV vary across victims, perpetrators, and victim-perpetrators.
Results:
Approximately 20% of respondents reported some IPV involvement in the past year, one-third of whom reported victimization and perpetration. The victim-offender overlap was observed for males and females across various measures of IPV. Bivariate correlations suggest victimization and perpetration have common correlates. Multivariate analysis, however, reveals considerable differences once we distinguish between victims, offenders, and victim-offenders and control for other variables. Perpetrators and victim-perpetrators were more likely to live with a nonspouse partner; feel isolated; display negative temperaments; and report substance use problems. “Victims only” were more likely to live with children and have lower household incomes.
Conclusions:
The victim-offender overlap exists for IPV across a variety of measures. Though perpetrators and victim-perpetrators have similar characteristics, those who are victims only appear distinctly different. We discuss the implications for theory, policy, and research.
While European criminology is flourishing, we are faced with insufficient pan-European data. The European Sourcebook provides regular synchronized criminal justice system statistics, but data on ...crime incidence are patchy at best. Ever fewer countries conduct victimization surveys, and the data that such surveys provide are incomparable across countries because of methodological differences. It is argued that European criminology needs a survey, regularly held, in all European countries, that assesses crime incidence. While a victim survey would be the standard tool for this, perpetration questions could easily be attached to improve estimates. Additional questions would enable us to also assess whether EU victims’ rights are delivered in practice.
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