Although research has established an offending/victimization overlap and that offenders and victims share similar characteristics, much less work has examined the longitudinal sequencing of ...victimization and offending in the same developmental period and whether key risk/protective factors significantly distinguish both offenders and victims.This study uses longitudinal data from a large sample of adolescents to examine these issues and does so using a novel methodological approach, the trajectory methodology, which allows for the examination of covariation between offending and victimization. Results indicate that there is a considerable degree of overlap between victims of physical violence and offenders over time and that certain covariates including school commitment, parental monitoring, low self-control, and sex significantly discriminate victim and offender groups. Furthermore, low self-control appears to be the most salient risk factor for distinguishing both victimization and delinquency trajectories.Theoretical and policy implications and directions for future research are identified.
Rape victims can benefit from trauma-informed approaches when reporting rape to police. Police interviewing skill can prevent survivor re-victimization while eliciting useful crime statements. ...However, rape myth acceptance and police culture may pose obstacles to a trauma-informed approach. Client empowerment, demystification, trigger reduction, and expressed concern for victim safety can be implemented by police agencies. Interdisciplinary collaboration, combating sexual harassment, gender balancing, emotional debriefing of officers, accountability to victims, new reporting methods, and advanced training protocols are elements of a trauma-informed approach.
Disputatiousness and the Offender–Victim Overlap Felson, Richard B.; Berg, Mark T.; Rogers, Ethan M. ...
The journal of research in crime and delinquency,
05/2018, Letnik:
55, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Objectives:
We examine whether offenders are at greater risk of violent victimization than non-offenders because of their disputatiousness; that is, their tendency to become involved in verbal ...conflicts. We also examine whether offenders are more disputatious because of their low self-control, alcohol use, and honor-based attitudes and whether disputatiousness can explain the effects of these individual differences on violent victimization.
Method:
A series of regression models examine self-reported data from 503 male inmates and 220 men (N = 723) they know from the community who have never been arrested.
Results:
Disputatiousness accounts for a substantial portion of the relationship between victimization and offending (i.e., inmate status). Disputatiousness also mediates the relationships between victimization and frequent intoxication, low self-control, and honor-based attitudes. Low self-control and heavy alcohol use account for a substantial portion of the relationship between offending and disputatiousness. Disputatiousness and victimization are associated with a history of assaultive offenses but not a history of robbery.
Conclusions:
The tendency to become involved in verbal conflicts can partly explain high victimization rates among male offenders, and among men who lack self-control, are frequently intoxicated, and have strong concerns about protecting their honor.
A longitudinal study (N = 774) explored the short and longer term impacts of anti-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Trans (LGBT) hate crime experienced directly, indirectly, and through the media. In the ...short term, being a victim (direct) or personally knowing of a hate crime victim (indirect) was positively associated with vulnerability, emotional responses, and behavioral intentions after reading about a hate crime. Direct victims were also less empathic toward other victims and engaged in more victim-blaming. A structural equation model showed direct experiences (via personal vulnerability and empathy) and media experiences (via group-threat and victim-blaming) to be cross-sectionally associated with behavioral intentions. Media experiences also had lasting demobilizing impacts on actual behaviors, again serially mediated by group-threat and victim-blaming. The findings highlight the emotional and behavioral impacts of hate crimes on both direct victims and on the wider LGBT community. They also raise questions about media reporting of hate crimes and the role of victim-blaming.
This study examines the differential effects of observed ostracism on observers’ victim-directed helping behaviors and their own enactment of ostracism, as informed by their dispositional envy. In ...particular, we examined two distinctive paths that explain the observers’ congruent (compassion) and incongruent (schadenfreude) emotional responses toward victims. Utilizing a four-wave, multi-source survey dataset comprising 306 employees from various organizations in Pakistan, our findings reveal that observed ostracism elicits feelings of compassion in employees with a low dispositional envy, who then exhibit greater victim-directed helping behaviors. By contrast, employees with a high dispositional envy experience schadenfreude when observing ostracism, prompting them to engage in further victim-directed ostracism themselves. Our findings provide important insights into the catalytic role of dispositional envy in determining emotions that explains why the observation of a coworker’s social exclusion prompts a differential behavioral response.
Online sexual harassment in adolescence is associated with depressive symptoms. There is, however, a dearth of research investigating variability of symptom profiles in this population in relation to ...offender gender and age.
To identify the proportion of adolescents reporting online harassment by different types of offenders and compare their levels of depression.
Participants were 18,872 Chilean students aged 12 to 17 years (3.063 of them online sexually harassed).
The study involved a secondary analysis of self-report data on online sexual harassment, poly-victimization, and depression collected as part of the National Poly-victimization Survey.
In 37.6% of the cases the offender was male under 18, in 22.4% an adult male, in 14.5% a female under 18, and in 2.9% an adult female. In 22.5% of cases the offender could not be identified. An ANCOVA demonstrated levels of poly-victimization across the lifespan and frequency of online sexual harassment in the last year to predict depressive symptomatology. In females, higher levels of depressive symptoms were observed among those sexually harassed by either a female under 18, an offender whose age and gender the victim could not identify, or an adult male. In males, higher levels of depression were observed among those harassed by either an adult male, an offender whose age and gender the victim could not identify, or a male under 18.
The current study highlights the importance of offender's age and gender in predicting depression levels in adolescent victims of online sexual harassment.
Political leaders tend to apologize for wrongdoings. This study focuses on a disaster that occurred on July 2018 in east Attica, Greece, where wildfires destroyed houses and left dozens of people ...dead. Two pilot studies and one main study were conducted testing perceptions of apology as sincere, perceived trust, positive emotional climate and participants’ support towards the governmental policies. Participants (N = 180 for the two pilot studies, N = 222 for the main study) were recruited from the disaster zone of east Attica. The focus is on two key forms of political apology, a self or offender-focused apology and a self-other or victim-focused apology. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the conditions equivalent to each of the two forms of apology, that is either in a victim-focused apology condition or an offender-focused apology, or a control condition, where a neutral image was shown to participants. Results showed a positive association between victim-focused apology, compared to offender-focused apology, and political support towards the government via increased perceived sincerity, trust and positive emotional climate. Political and psychological implications related to different forms of public apologies are discussed.
Background
Acts of apology has a particular meaning only in interplay with the affected victims, serving their moral and psychological needs, acknowledging their suffering and reassuring them of a safer future. Research to date neglects the role of immediate interaction with victims in perceptions and evaluations of apologies, especially in the aftermath of dramatic transgressions.
Why was this study done?
The research was conducted to fill the gap regarding evidence of victim-focused apologies, compared to offender-focused apologies, following traumatic real-life events.
What did the researchers do and find?
Apology form was firstly manipulated. Participants were split into three groups; a victim-focused or self-other focused apology and an offender-focused or self-focused apology. A control condition was also included with no apology form available to participants to evaluate. Apology form was the predictor variable. Perceived sincerity, trust and positive emotional climate were treated as mediators and political support towards the government was the outcome variable. A positive association was found between victim-focused apology, compared to offender-focused apology, and political support towards the government via increased perceived sincerity, trust and positive emotional climate.
What do these findings mean?
These findings have impact from a theoretical and methodological perspective adding robust experimental evidence to the literature based on a real-life traumatic event. Furthermore, from a policy-making perspective, findings may recommend good practices of trust and damage restoration in the aftermath of severe disasters.
This study examines how sexual assault criminal legal proceedings and victim advocacy services for survivors have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. We interviewed 12 victim advocates at a ...sexual assault service organization in a large Midwestern city that was particularly impacted by the pandemic. Results indicate that there have been major disruptions to sexual assault case timelines and communication with victims. Victim advocacy for survivors has also been affected, especially the provision of court advocacy and accompaniment. We discuss implications of these findings for sexual assault survivors, service providers, and future emergency preparedness planning for the criminal legal system.
We examine the effects of the gender of the victim and offender and their relationship to each other on whether sexual and physical assaults are reported to the police. We also examine the reasons ...victims give for not reporting assaults and whether reporting patterns have changed over time. The analyses are based on a sample of 6,291 physical assaults and 1,787 sexual assaults from the National Violence Against Women Survey. The results suggest that victims are just as likely to report domestic assaults as they are to report assaults by other people they know. Male victims are particularly reluctant to report assaults by their intimate partners, whereas third parties are particularly unlikely to report assaults by partners of either gender. Sexual assaults, particularly those that involve acquaintances, are less likely to be reported. These patterns have not changed since the 1960s.
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