Purpose--Demonstrate how the European Union regulates the obligation of early financing of European works for the segment of video on demand as well as the regulation in each of the 28 Member States ...of the European Union. Methodology/approach/design--Present the historical evolution for the comprehension of what were the reasons for this non-harmonization and analyse the legislation of each member of the European Union to demonstrate that contradiction. Findings--A Directive is a legal instrument of the European Union to standardize legislation. However, regarding the imposition of the obligation of early financing of European works for the segment of video on demand, there is no standardization of national legislations. Value--Establish the European model for the regulation of the advance financing of European works for the video on demand segment to know if it can be a model for States which hasn 't regulated yet this segment (such as Brazil). Keywords: Directive. Audiovisual Communications. Audiovisual Directive. Obligation of Early Financing of European Works. European Union. Proposito--Demostrar como la Union Europea regula la financiacion anticipada de obras europeas para el segmento de video bajo demanda, asi como es la regulacion en cada uno de los 28 Estados miembros de la Union Europea. Metodologia/abordaje/design--Presentar la evolucion historica para la comprehension de cual fueron los motivos de esa no armonizacion y analiza la legislacion de cada miembro de la Union Europea para demostrar esa contradiccion. Resultados--Una Directiva es un instrumento juridico de la Union Europea para uniformizar las legislaciones. Sin embargo, cuanto a la imposicion de la obligacion de financiacion anticipada de obra europea para el segmento de video bajo demanda no hay uniformizacion de las legislaciones nacionales. Importancia del texto--Establecer cual es el modelo europeo de regulacion de la financiacion anticipada de obras europeas para el segmento de video bajo demanda para saber si puede ser modelo para Estados que aun no regulan ese segmento (como Brasil). Palabras clave: Directiva. Directiva de Comunicaciones Audiovisuales. Audiovisual. Obligacion de Financiacion Anticipada de Obra Europea. Union Europea.
We partner with a major multinational telecommunications provider to analyze the effect of subscription video-on-demand (SVoD) services on digital piracy. For a period of 45 consecutive days, a group ...of randomly selected households who used BitTorrent in the past were gifted with a bundle of TV channels with movies and TV shows that could be streamed as in SVoD. We find that, on average, households that received the gift increased overall TV consumption by 4.6% and reduced Internet downloads and uploads by 4.2% and 4.5%, respectively. However, and also on average, treated households did not change their likelihood of using BitTorrent during the experiment. Our findings are heterogeneous across households and are mediated by the fit between the preferences of households in our sample for movies and the content available as part of the gifted channels. Households with preferences aligned with the gifted content reduced their probability of using BitTorrent during the experiment by 18% and decreased their amount of upload traffic by 45%. We also show using simulation that the size of the SVoD catalog and licensing window restrictions limit significantly the ability of content providers to match SVoD offerings to the preferences of BitTorrent users. Finally, we estimate that households in our sample are willing to pay at most $3.25 USD per month to access a SVoD catalog as large as Netflix’s in the United States. Together, our results show that, as a stand-alone strategy, using legal SVoD to curtail piracy will require, at the minimum, offering content much earlier and at much lower prices than those currently offered in the marketplace, changes that are likely to reduce industry revenue and that may damage overall incentives to produce new content while, at the same time, curbing only a small share of piracy.
The online appendix is available at
https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2875
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This paper was accepted by Chris Forman, information systems.
Proactive edge caching, as a promising approach to accommodate the explosively increased mobile data demand of Video on demand (VoD) service, has received extensive attention. However, although ...targeted to VoD service, existing caching policies are mainly designed for file downloading service while the unique requirement of quality of experience (QoE) for VoD service has been seldom considered. Aimed at maximizing the weighted average QoE of VoD service, this paper optimizes the proactive edge caching polices including the cached fraction and encoding bit rate of every video. We consider a two-tier network, where the helpers equipped with caching resource are deployed in the coverage area of traditional base stations. We formulate the caching optimization problems and show their hidden convexity properties, then we find that the optimal caching policy is determined by the weighted popularity-to-duration ratio of videos. Based on the result, we develop a low-complexity algorithm to find the optimal caching policy. Simulation results demonstrate evident performance gain of the proposed policy over the existing policy for VoD service.
•This study analyzes the determinants of the video-on-demand film success in Korea.•Higher box office record and shorter holdback were found significant.•Holdback had a negative moderation effect on ...box office record.•Theatrical performance remains critical in increasing performance across platforms.
Despite the growing online movie market, attributes of digital films are inadequately studied. This study analyzes theatrical and post-theatrical determinants of film success on the video-on-demand (VOD) market of Korea through 226 films. Key results show that higher box office records and shorter holdback were found significant, while box office performance had a significant interaction with the impact of holdback on VOD performance. The importance of box office performance on online performance may be explained by quality signals, promotions, or “me too” behavior. This study provides implications for online movie distribution, in which theatrical performance remains critical in increasing performance across platforms.
The hybrid architecture of content distribution network (CDN) and peer to peer (P2P) is promising in providing online streaming media services. In this paper, we conducted a comprehensive measurement ...study on Kankan, one of the leading VoD streaming service providers in China that is based on a hybrid CDN-P2P architecture. Our measurements are multi-fold, as follows. 1) Kankan adopts a loosely-coupled hybrid architecture , in which the user requests are handled by its CDN and P2P network independently. 2) Kankan deploys a small-scale CDN densely in three geographic clusters in China. It adopts specific redirection servers to dispatch the nationwide requests. 3) Kankan adopts a dual-server mechanism to enhance start-up video streaming. It also provides the CDN acceleration in case of inefficient P2P streaming performance. 4) According to our studies on the peer cache lists, the video contents stored in Kankan peers update quite slowly. The average lifetime of cached videos is longer than one week. Our results show that, by utilizing the slow-varying contents cached in peers and deploying various CDN enhancement mechanisms , Kankan provides a large-scale VoD streaming service with a small-scale fixed infrastructure. Insights obtained in this study will be valuable for the development and deployment of future hybrid CDN-P2P VoD streaming systems.
Purpose
Netflix is the market leader in the streaming entertainment industry. In 2020 and 2021, Netflix’s subscriber numbers and revenue increased. During the first two quarters of 2022, Netflix lost ...millions of subscribers, revenue and profit declined and its share price and market capitalization deteriorated. The purpose of this study is to investigate how and why a company with such a strong track record as Netflix can experience this crisis and, most importantly, how it overcame the crisis and returned to growth.
Design/methodology/approach
This case study investigates Netflix’s rise, fall and recovery between 2020 and 2023 using qualitative research methods. It examines earnings calls, transcripts and letters to shareholders as well as the views of investment analysts, journalists and academics.
Findings
Netflix turned its fortunes around because its leaders faced the crisis head-on. They acknowledged that previous strategic decisions were no longer working, that no advertisements were on the platform and that there was no account sharing and they reversed these decisions. Netflix also realized that it needed to innovate, so it partnered with Microsoft to execute its go-to-market with advertising. It also launched games, made strategic acquisitions of gaming studios and developed its capabilities with new products.
Originality/value
This is a valuable case study. Investigating how a company as successful as Netflix can encounter a severe decline and how it changed its strategies and tactics to reverse the decline provides important lessons for other companies.
Recommendation systems, widely adopted in social networks, personalize user experiences through advanced technologies such as Reinforcement Learning (RL), known for producing high-performance, list- ...wise recommendations. However, RL-based recommendation methods exhibit biases, specifically: 1) Online bias, which stems from a complex real-world online policy composed of various rules and models rather than a single policy; 2) Training bias, a distributional shift resulting from differences between the target policy and the behavior policy . To address these issues, we introduce a novel framework named Contrastive Imitation Proximal Policy Optimization (CIPPO) for recommendation based on RL. This approach leverages extensively labeled feedback data and incorporates a Masked Imitation Network (MIN) that closely emulates the online policy, thus reducing discrepancies between online and offline environments. Additionally, the clipping function in Proximal Policy Optimization, combined with a specially designed contrastive module, effectively reduces the distributional shift between the behavior and target policies. We conduct offline and online experiments to show the improvements of CIPPO, providing details including ablation tests and parameter analysis to validate the effectiveness and robustness. CIPPO gains 12.79% on ACN and in WeChat Top Stories, a large media platform with over 50 million users.
This article presents findings from a quantitative study of how the continuity announcements in public service media’s on-air television schedules are used in the context of the increased focus on ...creating an online identity. The study puts a focus on the cross-promotional practices of DR and TV 2 Denmark. Currently, cross-promotional practices are influenced by a portfolio of linear channels that co-exists with the broadcasters’ in-house video-on-demand (BVoD) services. The findings suggest that the BVoD services, DRTV and TV 2 Play, are part of a ‘front door’ strategy which is noticeable in the continuity announcements. However, the on-air cross-promotional practices are still dominated by an approach that is associated with traditional linear television, regardless of the differences between the two companies’ funding models.
An online survey of 785 binge-watchers was conducted to identify motivations for binge-watching TV drama series and to explore the moderating effects of sensation seeking and need for cognition on ...binge-watching behavior. The results of a principal component analysis on data collected from these binge-watchers demonstrate that individuals perceive binge-watching as a means to satisfy their desires for enjoyment, efficiency, control, and fandom. In addition, individuals are especially drawn to binge-watching when the activity is recommended by others. Subsequent regression and moderation analyses reveal that sensation seeking and need for cognition not only have positive effects on binge-watching behavior but also boost the effects of certain binge-watching motivations. In sum, this study provides an empirical overview of why individuals are motivated to binge-watch TV dramas and how those with certain psychological traits are more likely to engage in this media-consumption behavior.
•A principal component analysis is conducted to identify binge-watching motivations.•Enjoyment, efficiency, and fandom motivations promote actual binge-watching behavior.•The effects of binge-watching motivation are more pronounced for high sensation seekers.•Need for cognition boosts the effect of certain motivational factors.
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