A military parade in New Delhi / Vojna parada u Nju Delhiju: Dan Republike Indije, 26. januar, i ove godine obeležen je mnogobrojnim manifestacijama i svečanostima čiji sastavni deo je bila i vojna ...parada u Nju Delhiju. Za ovu mnogoljudnu državu to je jedan je od najznačajnijih nacionalnih praznika, koji se obeležava na dan kada je, 26. januara 1950. godine, usvojen Ustav po kome je Indija postala istinski suverena i demokratska republika. Parada je koncipirana tako da ne prikazuje samo vojnu moć Indije, već i njene neizmerne kulturne, nacionalne i regionalne raznolikosti. U paradi su učestvovale tri divizije indijskih oružanih snaga, dvanaest različitih pukova indijske vojske, pripadnici mornarice i vazduhoplovstva sa svojim šarolikim uniformama i službenim odlikovanjima. Svaka indijska država i teritorija unije je predstavljena raznolikim ešalonom koji naglašava jedan od brojnih aspekata njegove kulture.
Ovaj članak bavi se razmatranjem saborskih izbora na području grada Senja i njegovim upravnim statusom uoči razvojačenja Vojne krajine. U obzir su uzete i bitne odrednice koje su javljaju neposredno ...nakon tzv. provincijaliziranja, kad je Senj ponovo stekao civilnu upravu u sklopu Banske Hrvatske. Autor ukazuje na izvore nezadovoljstva Senjana njihovim položajem u sastavu Vojne krajine i na njihove težnje da s obnovom ustavnosti u Monarhiji povrate svoju gradsku autonomiju u građanskome dijelu Hrvatske. Težnja za razvojačanjem došla je do izražaja u saborskim raspravama na kojima su se jednoglasno razni zastupnici zalagali za interese grada Senja i njegovih građana, smatrajući da je glavni način za poticanje privrednih djelatnosti u odbacivanju utjecaja vojne uprave.
Hezbollah Norton, Augustus Richard
2018, 20180904, 2018-09-04, Letnik:
69
eBook
With Hezbollah's entry into the Lebanese government in 2009 and forceful intervention in the Syrian civil war, the potent Shi'i political and military organization continues to play an enormous role ...in the Middle East. A hybrid of militia, political party, and social services and public works provider, the group is the most powerful player in Lebanon. Policymakers in the United States and Israel usually denounce Hezbollah as a dangerous terrorist organization and refuse to engage with it, yet even its adversaries need to contend with its durability and resilient popular support. Augustus Richard Norton's incisive account stands as the most lucid, informed, and balanced analysis of Hezbollah yet written--and this fully revised and updated edition features a new prologue and conclusion, as well as two new chapters largely devoted to the group's recent activities, including its involvement in Syria.Hezbollahis a work of perennial importance and remains essential reading for anyone who wants to understand the Middle East.
Fran Maselj - Podlimbarski je v Gospodinu Franju (1913) kritično naslikal razmere v okupirani Bosni. Roman je po začetku vojne ljubljansko sodstvo zapieniło in odredilo uničenje naklade, češ da avtor ...hujska zoper avstrijsko oblast. Slovenska matica je bila razpuščena, njeno premoženje pa zaplenjeno. Hude sankcije so zadele tudi Maslja, kije marca 1915 izgubil čin stolnika inje bil jūnija 1916 kot »veleizdajnik« izgnan v Pulkau, kjer je umri septembra 1917. Razprava analizira Masljevo tragično zgodbo in razloge za njegovo preganjanje.
Vladavine Marije Terezije obilježena je brojnim reformama i iskoracima koji će se osjetiti u narednim stoljećima. Kao i Bjelovar, Sanitarni kordon će nakon njezina dolaska na vlast 1740. biti jasnije ...formiran mnogim reformama od koje se najviše ističe ona iz Općeg zdravstvenog pravilnika 1770. godine. Bjelovar je nastao kao jedan od odgovora na reorganizaciju Vojne krajine, a početak osnivanja Sanitarnoga kordona vezan je uza sve češće pojave kuge na habsburškome prostoru koje je trebao spriječiti. Za razliku od Bjelovara, Sanitarni kordon će prestati postojati razvojačenjem Vojne krajine, no njegovo postojanje i razvoj je, kao i ono Bjelovara, bilo jedno do simbola reorganizacije Vojne krajine i cijeloga 18. stoljeća.
Sve do polovice 18. stoljeća malo se zna o školstvu u Hrvatskoj, posebice u Vojnoj krajini. Prije toga vremena postojeće škole bile su u rukama Crkve ili hrvatskoga plemstva. Mali je broj učenika ...pohađao takve škole, i to jedino ako su se pripremali za postati svećenicima ili za neka zanimanja od interesa vladajućih slojeva društva. Prijelomni trenutak u razvoju školstva uopće u Austrijskoj carevini, pa tako i u Hrvatskoj, bila je Felbigerova reforma (1774.) nakon koje su se počele graditi školske zgrade, otvarati škole, primjereno obrazovati učitelji, pisati novi školski udžbenici i stvarati povoljniji status učitelja. U sve te školske inovacije uključivao se, iako s neznatnim zaostatkom, i onaj dio Hrvatske koju povijesno zovemo Vojna krajina. U početku je bilo teškoća, nepoznavanja i neprihvaćanja bilo kakvih prijedloga o polascima djece u škole, ali su se, uz uključivanje istaknutih bolje obrazovanih pojedinaca pravoslavne vjeroispovijesti, postupno i u Vojnoj krajini mijenjale školske prilike. Donesen je i prvi pisani Zakon za male srpske škole koji je uz neznatne preinake i određena opiranja s vremenom donekle prihvaćen u svim dijelovima Vojne krajine.
U članku je problematiziran
Osnovni krajiški zakon
iz 1807. koji je Franjo I. (1792. – 1835.) proglasio za područje Hrvatsko-slavonske i Banatske vojne krajine. Analiziran je sadržaj zakona ...raspoređen u sedam poglavlja i 155 zakonskih članaka te izvorno objavljen na njemačkom i preveden već iduće godine na hrvatski i slavenosrpski jezik. Zakon je donesen u specifičnim povijesnim okolnostima koalicijskih ratova i u duhu reformi dvorskoga kruga oko vladara Franje I. Njegov sadržaj rezultat je višegodišnjega rada nekoliko dvorskih povjerenstava, pri čemu se osobito nastojalo steći uvid u konkretne probleme sustava kao i vojnokrajišku svakodnevicu da bi novim zakonom ponudila trajnija rješenja koja bi obuhvatila interese države, ali i krajiškoga puka. Zbog potrebe očuvanja vojnokrajiškoga sustava ta su rješenja ipak morala biti ograničena.
The Basic Law of the Military Frontier
is one of the most important legal acts issued for the Croatian-Slavonic and Banat Military Frontiers. First published in 1807 in German, it was translated the following year into Croatian, specifically the Slavonian Štokavian-Ikavian literary idiom, and to the Slavic-Serbian language. The law is not only trilingual, but also written in three scripts: German printed script, Latin, and Cyrillic. Unlike the preceding comprehensive legal acts like the Statuta Valachorum from 1630 or the Militar Gränitz Rechten from 1754, the
Basic Law of the Military Frontier
did not exclusively represent state intervention “from above” through legal regulations, but also incorporated customary law derived from the life of the frontiersmen, aligning with the contemporary understanding of the “spirit of the people.” Its third chapter, “Von der Haus-Communion,” is particularly notable, as it regulated the house cooperative (extended family) based on the idea of collective ownership, limited in accordance with the concept of military serfdom, labour, and consumption – which was a fundamentally different approach from half a century earlier. The law comprises the following parts: Einleitung, Erstes Hauptstück Von dem Rechte auf unbewegliche Güter, Zweytes Hauptstück Von dem Rechte der Gränzer, sich auf Gewerbe, Handel und Wissenschaften zu verlegen, Drittes Hauptstück Von der Haus-Communion, Viertes Hauptstück Von der militärischen Widmung der Gränzer, Fünftes Hauptstück Von der Gränz-Aerarial- und Gemeinde-Arbeit, Sechstes Hauptstück Von der Grundsteuer, and Siebentes Hauptstück Von der Industrie- und Schutzsteuer, encompassing a total of 155 legal articles. Under Emperor Francis I, the state committed numerous officers and officials at all levels of command hierarchy to craft the law over several years through the work of multiple commissions. The objective was to create a legal framework aligned with the specific political context and local socioeconomic environment, reflecting “the spirit of the people” as articulated in the law. The legal text aimed to achieve two goals: to provide a legal definition of private property in accordance with the particularities of the Military Frontier, as was the case in the neighbouring and rival Napoleonic France as well as the Inner Austrian lands, where the General Civil Code of the Military Frontier dynamized the socio-economic relations; and to preserve the region’s territory and organization for purely financial reasons. Despite these ambitious goals, the relatively modest outcome of this courtly legal project paradoxically contributed to the impoverishment and economic decline of this region in the 19th century.
The paper analyses the migration and ethnocultural processes in the Kosinj Valley in western Lika, which peaked during and immediately after the end of the Great Turkish War at the end of the 17th ...century and the start of the 18th century. During that time, the area became the intersection of the primary early modern migration flows in this part of the imperial multiple borderlands – southeast and northwest – with their diverse religious (Roman Catholics, Orthodox Christians), linguistic (neo-Shtokavian Ijekavian and Ikavian, Chakavian, and transitional Chakavian- Kajkavian), traditional (Dinaric, Adriatic, Pannonian, Eastern Alpine), and socioeconomic characteristics (frontiersmen/peasants, pastoral/agrarian). Each ethnocultural component was internally heterogeneous, characterised by distinct layers shaped by migrations across the turbulent imperial borderlands from the 16th to the 18th centuries. This led to various interactions and intermingling of cultural traditions, ethnic elements, languages, and dialects. It is concluded that the state military-provincial and Chamber authorities played a dominant role in these processes, directly or indirectly encouraging and directing migration flows for geopolitical and economic reasons. Therefore, from the outset, these migratory movements were characterised by planned military and agrarian colonisation. They favoured Catholic elements originating from Habsburg territories. Phenomenologically, they closely parallel the Vlach colonization of the Kosinj Valley a century earlier, which was conducted and directed by Ottoman authorities. Migrations in the turbulent border area of conflicting empires, with the Kosinj Valley at its centre for over 160 years, exhibited distinct dynamics. It was a region marked by intense emigration and immigration of defectors, including internal, external, or cross-border, and return migrations. The 16th and 17th centuries witnessed intense migration that began to subside only at the beginning of the 18th century. Namely, very few families in the 17th century had the chance to live in one place for three generations. The sons and grandsons of the Croats who fled to Carniola returned to Croatian territory in Gorski Kotar, only for the second generation of returnees to move to Lika. Similar return migrations are also observed among the Croats, Vlachs, and Bunjevci from Ogulin. To understand the settlement process, certain internal aspects of differentiated rural society also need to be considered. It is no coincidence that the elders, who were also leaders of migrations, often acquired the largest plots of land and formed the most numerous families in their new homeland. The same applies to Vlach elder families who, on both sides of the old border, retained their prestigious role as village leaders. In that period, the basic outlines of the modern ethnocultural structure of the Kosinj region were formed. The region became an intersection of primary migration flows in the Early Modern Period: the Vlach-Bunjevac, originating from the deep southeastern Dinaric interior, and the Croatian-Carniolan from the northwest, which also included elements originating in the eastern Alpine region. Their protagonists were early modern ethnic groups such as Vlachs, Croats, Carniolans and Bunjevci, who differed from each other along several criteria: socio-economic status, livelihoods, religious affiliation, dialects, family models and cultural areas. They all had in common that each ethnic group was internally heterogeneous and multi-layered. For instance, among the Vlachs, we observe traces of the old Balkan layer, Croats from Ogulin display Carniolan and Uskok-Vlach elements, Carniolan Croats exhibit Slovenian and German influences, and the Bunjevci include Orthodox Vlach converts. Vlachs from Kosinj historically migrated from East Herzegovina. They were part of the “Glamoč” and “Dinaric” migration flows, much like the majority of the Orthodox Vlach population that settled in Lika during the 16th century. Only a small fraction of the newly arrived population was strategically settled by Ottoman authorities across vast areas along their northwestern border, spanning from the Adriatic hinterland to the Drava River between 1550 and 1560. Serb Orthodoxy, neo-Shtokavian Ijekavian (also known as the East Herzegovina-Krajina dialect), seasonal transhumance, and the pastoral-patriarchal culture of the Dinaric area are elements that made them distinctive and distinguishable from their surroundings. After breaking away from their origins in southeastern Herzegovina during the early migrations of the 15th and 16th centuries, they followed a unique development trajectory that shaped a distinct “krajiški” (borderland) type within this historical ethnocultural group in their new habitats across northwestern Ottoman, and later Habsburg and Venetian territories. In 1689, Croatian Krajišnici (frontiersmen) from the Ogulin captaincy settled in Lower Kosinj, situated on the northern edge of a valley that today comprises the hamlets of Sveti Ivan, Draškovići, Selište, Rudine, Klobučari, and Goljak. They were part of the Croatian Chakavian population, specifically peasant soldiers who congregated around borderland fortresses in Ogulin, Oštarije, and Modruš during the 17th century. Some of their Chakavian linguistic features have been preserved to this day in the hamlets of Goljak, Rudinka, and Selište. The ethno-demographic structure of these Croats, which emerged during the first half of the 17th century, shows a tripartite composition. It comprised natives of Modruš, newcomers and/or returnees from Vinodol and Carniola, along with various branches of the Uskok-Vlach migration flows, predominantly migrants from Senj. In 1689, approximately 40 settler families from Gorski Kotar or the borders of Carniola settled the land along the Bakovac stream, extending all the way to its confluence with the Lika River. This area encompasses present-day Upper Kosinj, including the hamlets of Sušanj, Podjelar, and Poljanka, as well as the region of Bakovac and its hamlets Ribnik and Ruja. In most cases, these were descendants of the Croatian population who fled to Carniola in the 16th century. Therefore, it is more appropri¬ate to refer to this segment of the Catholic population in Kosinj in the pre-modern sense as “Carniolan Croats” despite the presence of some Slovenian and German elements among them. Secondly, it is necessary to differentiate between narrower and broader contexts of the usage of the Carniolan ethnicity within Lika itself. Carniolans, in the narrower sense, are represented by these settlers from Gorski Kotar, who were dependent peasants settled in Lika by the Inner Austrian Court Chamber, which introduced its chamber system there. In a broader sense, this ethnic term became a general label for Catholics in the Karlovac Generalate, particularly among the Orthodox population of Lika and Kordun. Bunjevci, also known as “Catholic Vlachs”, who settled in the Kosinj Valley, belonged to the so-called “Krmpote branch”. They were Catholic Vlachs originating from West Herzegovina who gradually migrated northwest, following the Dinaric migration flow along the Dinara and Velebit mountains during the 16th and 17th centuries. Due to their Herzegovian roots, history of Ottoman subjugation, Vlach social structure, pastoral and patriarchal cultural traditions of the Dinaric area (the culture of “dark cloth and gusle”), and the linguistic features of neo-Shtokavian Ikavian dialect, they exhibited cultural affinities with schismatic Vlachs in Lika. Special attention is given to the historical anthroponymy of the inhabitants of Kosinj, which verifies the aforementioned dynamics. Archival materials, including various documents, lists, and registers, provide valuable insights into their origins, movements, and distribution. Surnames among the Catholic population were documented considerably earlier, allowing for continuous tracing, especially among Croats from Ogulin and Carniola, dating back to the 15th and 16th centuries. The surnames of Orthodox families in Kosinj, and to a lesser extent Bunjevci families, can only be traced from their appearance in the Karlovac Generalate records, which means at best from the 17th century. The structural formation and meaning of surnames in Kosinj largely align with the dialectal and sociocultural characteristics of ethnic groups. Essentially, we can identify two anthroponymic origins: Croatian-Carniolan and Vlach-Bunjevac. It should be noted that surnames became established significantly earlier among Catholics, starting from the decisions of the Council of Trent in 1563, which introduced the practice of church registers for baptisms (Liber baptizatorum), marriages (Liber copulatorum), and deaths (Liber mortuorum). The Roman Ritual of 1614 mandated and required the keeping of parish family books known as Status animarum (“State of Souls”) in each parish. Combining it with other sources makes it significantly easier to reconstruct the migration patterns and dispersion of certain Catholic families of Croats and Carniolans, unlike the Bunjevci and especially the Vlachs, who were under Ottoman rule for a long time. By incorporating certain Croatian families that were once part of the middle and lower nobility, anthroponymic continuity is fully established. The Orthodox Church only began to introduce records of its congregation in the 18th century, prompted by the Habsburg Monarchy. First, through parish Domovni protokoli (Household protocols) in the mid-18th century, which listed Orthodox families in specific parishes, but it was only with the Regulament (Regulation) of 1770 that the introduction of parish registers began, mirroring the practice of the Catholic Church. However, in most Orthodox parishes in the Eparchy of Upper Karlovac, this practice was not adopted until the first half of the 19th century. Therefore, it’s not possible to trace most of Kosi
U radu se prvi put predstavljaju smjernice ugarskoga ministra za zemaljsku obranu (domobranstvo), objavljene 1918. na hrvatskom jeziku u prilogu Mali Vijesnik službenoga glasila Vijesnik naredaba za ...kr. ug. domobranstvo, namijenjene sastavljanju povijesti pojedinih habsburπkih postrojba u Prvom svjetskom ratu, vodiËa po ratiπtima te biografskoga leksikona viπih Ëasnika. Smjernice se preliminarno stavljaju u kontekst πirega podruËja vojne povijesti, uključujući osobito njezinu memorijalnu sastavnicu, a uz prijepis iscrpnih Uputa za pisanje četnih povjesnica« donosi se i tumač manje poznatih izraza. Radno se može zaključiti da su vojni vrhovi Monarhije u ambiciozno zasnovanom odozdo — prema gore« pothvatu prikupljanja, obradbe i objavljivanja vojnopovijesnoga gradiva nastojali uravnoteæiti historiografsko-kritiËki, memorijalni i promidæbeni aspekt, i to na naËin koji bi umnogome i danas mogao biti metodoloπki relevantan. Podrobnija ocjena smjernica moÊi Êe se, meutim, donijeti tek kad se daljnjim istraživanjima u arhivima i knjižnicama Beča i Budimpešte točnije odredi njihov korpus, korpus prikupljenoga gradiva te korpus objavljenih povjesnica.
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