The purpose was to examine power output and three-dimensional (3D) kinematic variables in the upper limbs, lower limbs and trunk in elite flat-water kayakers during kayak ergometer paddling. An ...additional purpose was to analyse possible changes in kinematics with increased intensity and differences between body sides. Six male and four female international level flat-water kayakers participated. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected during three tasks; low (Int
L
), high (Int
H
) and maximal (Int
M
) intensities. No differences were observed in any joint angles between body sides, except for shoulder abduction. Significantly greater range of motion (RoM) values were observed for Int
H
compared to Int
L
and for Int
M
compared to Int
L
in trunk and pelvis rotation, and in hip, knee and ankle flexion. The mean maximal power output was 610 ± 65 and 359 ± 33 W for the male and female athletes, respectively. The stroke frequencies were significantly different between all intensities (Int
L
59.3 ± 6.3; Int
H
108.0 ± 6.8; Int
M
141.7 ± 18.4 strokes/min). The results showed that after a certain intensity level, the power output must be increased by other factors than increasing the joint angular RoM. This information may assist coaches and athletes to understand the relationship between the movement of the kayaker and the paddling power output.
Panda, U.S.; Pradhan, U.K.; Sujith Kumar, S.; Naik, S.; Begum, M.; Mishra, P., and Ramana Murthy, M.V., 2020. Bathing water quality forecast for Chennai coastal waters. In: Sheela Nair, L.; Prakash, ...T.N.; Padmalal, D., and Kumar Seelam, J. (eds.), Oceanic and Coastal Processes of the Indian Seas. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 89, pp. 111-117. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Risks associated with the non-compliance of bathing water quality have been increasing and becoming a challenge to maintain and manage the coastal waters. Especially, along the coastal cities, the complex nature of sources and their variation due to diverse urban runoff, industrial discharges, port activities and fluxes from different sources are deteriorating the coastal water quality which directly affects the health of beach goers, tourist, coastal communities. The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 has classified the seawater, class-II criteria for bathing, contact water sports and commercial fishing for Indian coastal waters. Chennai, one of the largest coastal metropolitan cities with a population of 4.65 million, is a major industrial hub having unsafe coastal waters. It's water quality faces toxic and dangerous deterioration due to domestic and industrial wastes. This paper presents an integrated modelling and forecast system developed for Chennai coastal waters through data assimilation using in situ water quality data, deterministic hydrological, hydrodynamic and water quality models. The coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model with input from catchment hydrology solves transport and dispersion of pollutants along the flow pattern. Forcing parameters were downscaled from global models to input to the local domain. 5-day forecast of sea surface temperature (SST), salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and coliform are generated with confidence from validation. This predictive model and forecasting is helpful to beach managers and policy makers for better management.
Sudden death during whitewater recreation often occurs through understandable mechanisms such as underwater entrapment or trauma, but poorly defined events are common, particularly in colder water. ...These uncharacterized tragedies are frequently called flush drownings by whitewater enthusiasts. We believe the condition referred to as cold water immersion syndrome may be responsible for some of these deaths. Given this assumption, the physiologic alterations contributing to cold water immersion syndrome are reviewed with an emphasis on those factors pertinent to flush drowning.
During kayaking, the whole body works in a perfect harmony. While the trunk is doing a rotation, flexion-extension helps to the upper limb to create a special cyclic paddle. The purpose of this study ...was to gain a better understanding of the physical disabled (later disabled) person's kayaking motions and to probe whether there were any significant differences between disabled and non-disabled kayakers with special focus on the use of footrest. We hypothesised significantly different ranges of motion and muscle activity in lower limbs but no significant differences in those of the upper limbs.
Our goal was to know more about the abled and disbled kayaking and compare the athlete's kayaking movements.
Thirteen (n = 13) elite disabled athletes (age range: 18-40 years, height range: 164-194 cm, body mass range:74-93 kg), eleven (n = 11) elite non-disabled athletes (age range: 18-40 years, height range:172-197 cm, body mass range: 72-96 kg) and nine (n = 9) athletes whose movements were artificially limited to imitate disabled conditions("imitation disabled" group) (age range: 18-40 years, height range: 172-197 cm, body mass range: 72-96 kg) were measured. Weba sport kayak ergometer, surface electromyography (EMG), and a 3-dimensional Vicon (MX T40) camera system were used to record the data, and a combined Matlab and MS Excel system was used to analyse the results.
In line with our basic assumption, range of motion of the upper limbs was not significantly different between disabled athletes and non-disabled athletes (p ≥ 0.05). However, muscle activities were significantly different in the disabled group compared to the non-disabled group (p ≤ 0.05). In the disabled group the knee joint and trunk motions and muscle activities were also significantly different compared to those in the non-disabled group (p ≤ 0.05). The differences in performance force applied to both footrests and force were significant (p ≤ 0.05).
The assumption that shoulder and elbow ranges of motion were not significantly different in disabled athletes compared to non-disabled athletes was proven. However, muscle activities were significantly different in the disabled group. In the disabled group, knee and trunk motions and muscle activities were also significantly different compared to the non-disabled group. Significant differences were found in performance, force and footrest use. Our results proved our assumption that motions and muscle activities of disabled and non-disabled athletes were significantly different. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(52): 2061-2066.
In recent years, women and girls are increasing their sport participation, and female sports are becoming more challenging. While more women and girls are participating in sports, there is still a ...lack of information about gender-specific lesions. We will therefore evaluate gender differences in sports injuries, analyzing the five sports and sporting activities that are most widespread in the western world: running, soccer, basketball, water sports, and winter sports. The ability to make correct ultrasonographic diagnoses in sports injuries is improving as the technology is advancing. Ultrasonography demonstrates tissue structure with two-dimensional grayscale images, while blood flow can be visualized with color and power Doppler. Furthermore, ultrasonography is the preferred imaging modality for studying soft-tissue lesions dynamically. High-quality diagnostic ultrasound cannot be performed without the knowledge of the underlying clinical background, and an understanding of gender-specific injuries and mechanisms of injuries is therefore important for assessing proper diagnostic and treatment guidelines tailored to phenotypic differences in professional and amateur athletes between male and female.
Flush Drowning as a Cause of Whitewater Deaths Farstad, David J.; Luttrell, J. Matthew
Wilderness & environmental medicine,
March 2020, 20200300, 2020-Mar, 2020-03-00, 20200301, Letnik:
31, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Most recreational whitewater fatalities are caused by fixed underwater entrapment or by “flush drowning,” an obscure term frequently associated with high-volume rivers, continuous rapids, cold water, ...and a lack of prolonged underwater entrapment. Although entrapment drowning is typically associated with submersion hypoxia, flush drownings likely involve diverse mechanisms of death; as such, a concise definition is elusive. This said, certain risk factors may be predictively associated with flush drownings. We attempt to further characterize causes of fatal river accidents and possible effects of water temperature on injury pattern.
We reviewed river mortality data collected from the American Whitewater Association accident database comparing fatal whitewater accident trends in the Rocky Mountain region versus the Southeastern United States. We limited data from the Southeast to the months of June through August to create a warm water cohort. We then divided lethal accidents into flush drowning, entrapment submersion, or miscellaneous events, defining each category in specific terms.
Flush drownings were more common in the Rocky Mountains than in the Southeast subgroup and involved older victims on average than entrapment drowning or miscellaneous events. Entrapment drownings were common in both regions, primarily occurring at fallen trees or rock formations.
Flush drownings appear to occur more frequently in older persons. Although hypothetical, the relative increase in flush drowning in the Rocky Mountains might partly be the result of colder water temperatures. If the cause of flush drowning is better understood, safety in whitewater recreation may be improved.
The aim of this study is to determine seasonal changes of total serum 25(OH) vitamin D (VD) concentration and its influence on upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) morbidity among water sports ...elite athletes.
The study was planned as a prospective, non-interventional, observational study. Study participants included 40 elite athletes and 30 control individuals. Serum levels of 25(OH) VD and TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-6 were detected by ELISA technique. Frequency of acute URTI in participants was determined by medical cards and self-reported questionnaire during the year.
VD deficiency/insufficiency dominated in both groups of elite athletes, especially in synchronized swimmers (100%) in comparison with the control individuals (63.3%) (P≤0.05). Prevalence of VD deficiency/insufficiency depends on the season, but independently on the season the highest values were observed among athletes. VD sufficiency was detected in 30% and 13.3% of the control individuals in August and February and only in 10% of swimmers in August. More than 3 episodes of URTI were detected only in elite athletes in winter-spring. The elevation of TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6 and decrease of IFN-γ levels were detected in all athletes, but they were more expressed in swimmers.
VD insufficiency is quite pronounced among elite athletes engaged in synchronized swimming and swimmers. It is accompanied with a decrease of IFN-γ, increase of TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-6 level, and elevation of URTI morbidity. Seasonal monitoring and correction of the VD level for normalization of cytokine profile and decrease of URTI morbidity is definitely advised.
Introduction/Background: Surfing, wind surfing and kite surfing enjoy a growing popularity with a large number of athletes worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify and compare the injury ...profiles and compare the injury profiles of these three extreme water sports. Materials and Methods: These data for this retrospective cohort study were collected through an online standardised questionnaire during the 2017-18 season. The questionnaire included questions about anthropometry, skill level, injury diagnosis, injury mechanism, environmental conditions and training regimes. Results: The 626 athletes included reported 2584 injuries. On average, each athlete sustained 4.12 injuries during the season. The most frequent injury location was in the lower extremity, in particular the foot, with 49 (16.4%) injuries in surfing, 344 (18.3%) in wind surfing and 79 (19.7%) in kite surfing. Surfing demonstrated a particularly high rate of head injuries (n = 37; 12.4%). Other frequent injury types were skin lesions (up to 42.1%) and contusions (up to 40.5%). The most common injury across all surfing sports was skin lesions of the foot (wind surfing: 11.7%; kite surfing: 13.2%; surfing: 12.7%). In surfing, skin lesions of the head were frequently observed (n = 24; 8.0%). In surfing, a 'too large wave' (n = 18; 24.7%) was main cause of the injury, while in wind surfing (n = 189; 34.5%) and kite surfing (n = 65; 36.7%) 'own incompetence' led to the most injuries. Conclusion: This unique study compares injury epidemiology and mechanism in the three most popular surfing sports: wind surfing, kite surfing and surfing. Overall, injuries were sustained mainly in the lower extremity, while surfing also demonstrated a high rate of head injuries. Keywords: water sports, injury, training, ankle, foot, epidemiology
Background
Every summer, several patients who suffer from vertebral fractures are hospitalized at the Sainte-Anne Military Hospital after going on a boat trip around the French Riviera. The ...uniqueness of these fractures lies in their mechanism of injury, called the “deck-slap” injury. The aim of this study is to describe the characteristics of the “deck-slap” injury.
Methods
The data of 26 vertebral fractures that occurred during boat trips between January 2010 and September 2017 were collected and analyzed.
Results
The mechanism of injury observed was similar for every patient. Patients sitting on the front of the boat, or bow, (77% of cases,
n
= 20); patients being on a rigid-inflatable boat (65% of cases,
n
= 17); and when the sea state was calm (62% of cases,
n
= 16). The patients were bounced up in the air because of a strong wave and landed in a sitting position. The affected population was young (mean age of 42.5 years) and women were the main victims (sex ratio of 0.3). The lesion topography was found near the thoracolumbar junction in each case. It was always a vertebral body compression. Twenty-three percent of them (
n
= 6) suffered from neurologic complications.
Conclusion
This type of fractures, frequently encountered during the summer, has not previously been described in the literature, yet is a relevant cause of hospital admissions to the emergency departments of the south of France. A better knowledge of this mechanism would provide a more efficient approach to prevention measures that should be imposed to potential boat passengers.
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