Relevance
. The article analyzes the indicators of white cabbage production in Russia (by districts, subjects of the federation and categories of farms).
Methodology
. The object of research is the ...market for the production of white cabbage. The subject of the study is the current state of white cabbage production. The information base of the study was made up of data from FAO, official state statistics, the Federal Customs Service, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, Parliamentary hearings of the State Duma Committee on Agrarian Issues, the Eurasian Economic Union, the Eurasian Economic Commission, operational online messages of federal and regional levels, materials of periodicals, scientific seminars, conferences, symposiums, reflecting various aspects of the problem under study.
Results
. In the industrial sector of vegetable growing, the acreage of cabbage of all types in 2021, in relation to 2020, decreased by 15.8%. Over the past ten years, there has been a decrease in acreage and gross cabbage harvest in farms of all categories. There are a number of systemic problems in Russian vegetable growing that limit the increase in vegetable production and negatively affect its effectiveness: weak technical and material equipment of a significant part of farms engaged in vegetable production, outdated technical base, insufficient provision of crops with seeds of domestic production. One of the leading roles in the implementation of the policy of food security and national independence is played by the selection and seed production of white cabbage. Sanctions make it possible to carry out import substitution of varieties and hybrids of white cabbage. To date, the main task is to abandon the import of seeds of foreign selection, and therefore it is important to focus on creating new hybrids that will be of high quality, good yield, as well as resistance to diseases and pests. Modern hybrids of breeding FGBNU FNTSO and Agrofirm "Poisk" according to the results of testing in leading agricultural organizations fully meet the requirements of the market and can take a worthy place in the fields in the Russian Federation.
Soil salinity is severely affecting crop productivity in many countries, particularly in the Mediterranean area. To evaluate early plant responses to increased salinity and characterize tolerance ...markers, three important
crops - Chinese cabbage (
ssp.
), white cabbage (
var.
) and kale (
var.
) were subjected to short-term (24 h) salt stress by exposing them to NaCl at concentrations of 50, 100, or 200 mM. Physiological (root growth, photosynthetic performance parameters, and Na
/K
ratio) and biochemical parameters (proline content and lipid peroxidation as indicated by malondialdehyde, MDA, levels) in the plants' roots and leaves were then measured. Photosynthetic parameters such as the total performance index PI
(describing the overall efficiency of PSI, PSII and the intersystem electron transport chain) appeared to be the most salinity-sensitive parameter and informative stress marker. This parameter was decreased more strongly in Chinese cabbage than in white cabbage and kale. It indicated that salinity reduced the capacity of the photosynthetic system for efficient energy conversion, particularly in Chinese cabbage. In parallel with the photosynthetic impairments, the Na
/K
ratio was highest in Chinese cabbage leaves and lowest in kale leaves while kale root is able to keep high Na
/K
ratio without a significant increase in MDA. Thus Na
/K
ratio, high in root and low in leaves accompanying with low MDA level is an informative marker of salinity tolerance. The crops' tolerance was positively correlated with levels of the stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and negatively correlated with levels of jasmonic acid (JA), and jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile). Furthermore, salinity induced contrasting changes in levels of the growth-promoting hormones brassinosteroids (BRs). The crop's tolerance was positively correlated with levels of BR precursor typhasterol while negatively with the active BR brassinolide. Principal Component Analysis revealed correlations in observed changes in phytohormones, biochemical, and physiological parameters. Overall, the results show that kale is the most tolerant of the three species and Chinese cabbage the most sensitive to salt stress, and provide holistic indications of the spectrum of tolerance mechanisms involved.
Relevance
. In one of the farms, situated in the Central region of the Russian Federation was found the first defeat of cabbage by obligate weed – broomrape. As the long experience shows (since 2011 ...yr.), the control of broomrape is very difficult, and it is a real danger for the vegetable growing in this region.
Materials and methods.
The object of researches were the plantations of white cabbage, which was grown by using the cassette technology, there were field experiments.
The research methods included the following works: phenological observations of broomrape and white cabbage ontogenesis, the detection of the main features during blooming and fruiting of this weed, the definition of the duration of broomrape evolution until the fruiting phase, the detection of blooming shoots location on the surface of the cabbage plantation, the identifying of relationship between the height of broomrape’s flower-bearing shoots and the height of leaves of cabbage’s rosette.
There was analyzed the feature of growing by using the cassette technology cabbage, being damaged by broomrape.
Results.
It was found, that the studied in the paper race of broomrape can successfully progress in more northern soil-climatic conditions of the Central region of the Russian Federation. The complex of agro technical methods of broomrape control is suggested, it includes: the two-level plowing of the weedy fields right after harvesting cabbage; receiving of cabbage’s fibrous root, which should be situated into the working plowing space with depth up to 25 cm; multiplex cultivation of the growing shoots of the weed; the cabbage hilling before rows closing. The alternative methods of broomrape control also can be used: the conveyer of cruciferous vegetable cultures with short vegetation period and cultures, which provoke the germination of the weed.
Clubroot disease (causative organism Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.) is among the most economically important and harmful diseases of the cole crops, and the damage due to this disease may reach up to ...50-75% of the yield and even 100% in epiphytotics years. Even resistant varieties become susceptible over the years, because of appearance of the new pathogen races and change of climatic conditions in the main growing areas of the crop. In this context the Laboratory of Plant Immunity and Protection, of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Vegetable Center” implements continuous phytoimmunological evaluation of collection and selection specimens and also directional material rather than just annual monitoring of causative organism dissemination in order to find new resistance sources. For this purpose an artificial infection background is used: compost obtained from decomposed nodules on the cabbage roots affected by clubroot disease (infection load 105-106 spores/cm3). The resistance of white cabbage varieties was evaluated during the harvesting period using five-point score of the root system damage, which formed the basis for categorization into resistance groups. For the analysis of artificial background intensity and specimen ranking the individual plants of the white cabbage variety Slava 1305, which is a susceptibility standard, were randomly planted in the entire area of the infection background. The impact of atmospheric conditions in the study year on the results of phytopathological evaluation of cabbage selection specimens against the infection background is demonstrated. Under unfavorable conditions for pathogen development (2014) the most specimens (74%) were categorized as relatively resistant, while in favourable for pathogen year 2015 relatively resistant specimens comprised only 5% of the total number of studied specimens. Since the same specimen may show different level of resistance depending on the year conditions, the stability of character manifestation is the important criterion for identification of the resistance resources. Phytopathological evaluation aimed on selection of clubroot-resistant forms in the Moscow region should last for at least three years even with the use of infection background. Long-lasting evaluation showed that the strains No 234/15,140/14,216/17 exhibiting high resistance to clubroot against artificial infection background regardless of the year conditions are the most valuable for selection. The resistance of white cabbage selection varieties to clubroot disease was studied against the infection background.
•Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) have the ability to accurately predict the (un) successfulness of white cabbage seedling images.•A Logistic Regression (LR) model, several Multi-Layered Perceptron ...(MLP) and CNN architectures are tested and compared.•CNNs outperform the LR and other MLP architectures based on ROC-curve, accuracy and loss.•AlexNet trained on earlier days seem to generalize for later days; AlexNet trained on later days do not generalize to earlier days.
In this study, the classification of white cabbage seedling images is modeled with convolutional neural networks. We focus on a dataset that tracks the seedling growth over a period of 14 days, where photos were taken at four specific moments. The dataset contains 13,200 individual seedlings with corresponding labels and was retrieved from Bejo, a company operating in agriculture. Different pre-trained convolutional neural network and multi-layer perceptron architectures are developed, along with a traditional statistical method, logistic regression. The models are trained to predict the (un) successful growth of the seedlings. We find that the convolutional neural networks outperform the other models, where AlexNet is the best performing model in this research. On the test set, AlexNet is able to classify 94% of the seedlings accurately with an area under the curve of 0.95. Accordingly, AlexNet is shown to be useful and robust in this particular classification task. AlexNet can be further deployed as an early warning tool to aid professionals in making important decisions. Additionally, this model can be further developed to automate the process.
Antioxidants are compounds that are needed by the body to protect the body from free radical attacks that can trigger the emergence of degenerative diseases. One of the compounds that has free ...radical scavenger activity by inhibiting Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) is flavonoids found in purple cabbage and white cabbage. This study aims to determine the total levels of flavonoids expressed as quercetin equivalent (EK) and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method (1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl). Identification of flavonoid compounds by Willstater test and determination of total flavonoid levels using spectrophotometry, AlCl3 reagent. Flavonoid levels were calculated using linear regression equations. Qualitative test for the presence of antioxidant activity using TLC and antioxidant activity test using the DPPH method with the parameter value of ES50. The qualitative test results showed that the ethanol extract of purple cabbage and white cabbage contained flavonoids. The total flavonoid content of ethanol extract of purple cabbage was 5.17% w/w (EK) and ethanol extract of white cabbage was 3.84% w/w (EK). Qualitative test with TLC showed antioxidant activity. The standard antioxidant activity values of quercetin, ethanol extract of purple cabbage and white cabbage were 2.138±0.064 µg/mL; 154.445±0,999 µg/mL and 373.546±1.336 µg/mL. The antioxidant activity of purple cabbage is weak and white cabbage is very weak.
Microwave (MW) blanching (MWB) of vegetables has been applied in food industry as alternative to conventional treatment. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of MWB in terms of ...peroxidase (POD) inactivation, by applying various process conditions (MW power and process time) to different vegetables (potatoes, savoy and white cabbage), mimicking the most common geometric shapes (cylindrical, cubed, parallelepiped and slabbed). In all 3-D shapes, POD inactivation was initially achieved at the core of sample and gradually extended toward the periphery with the increase of process intensity. However, MWB appeared to be not suitable for reaching the temperature level required for the POD irreversible inactivation on the surface of vegetables, neither in 3-D nor in slabbed shape.
The optimal blanching conditions (POD residual activity < 10%), determined by response surface methodology analysis were: 160 W for 120 s for cylinder and large parallelepiped samples; 160 W for 75 s for cube sample; 350 W for 45 s for small parallelepiped sample. Contrariwise, in vegetables mimicking slab geometric shape the POD inactivation did not reach the optimal endpoint of blanching treatment, neither by increasing the MW power nor extending the process time.
•Microwave (MW) blanching (MWB) was conducted at various MW power and time process.•POD inactivation extended from the sample core with the increase of MWB intensity.•The highest POD inactivation was at 160 W for 75 s in cuboid-shaped samples.•In cylinder and large parallelepiped samples the optimal MWB was: 160 W for 120 s.•In cube and small parallelepiped the optimal MWB was: 160 W for 75 s and 350 W for 45 s.
•The influence of fermentation time on glucosinolates (GLS) was monitored for the first time.•Fermentation leads to complete degradation of GLS and decreased content of ...indole-3-acetonitrile.•Fermentation increases ascorbigen and indole-3-carbinol content, and storage period decreases their content.
A systematic investigation was carried out on the influence of fermentation on glucosinolates and their degradation products from fresh raw cabbage, throughout fermentation at 20°C and storage at 4°C. Glucosinolates were degraded dramatically between Day 2 and 5 of fermentation and by Day 7 there was no detectable amount of glucosinolates left. Fermentation led to formation of potential bioactive compounds ascorbigen (13.0μmol/100g FW) and indole-3-carbinol (4.52μmol/100g FW) with their higher concentrations from Day 5 to Day 9. However, during storage indole-3-carbinol slowly degraded to 0.68μmol/100g FW, while ascorbigen was relatively stable from Week 4 until Week 8 at 6.78μmol/100g FW. In contrast, the content of indole-3-acetonitrile decreased rapidly during fermentation from 3.6 to 0.14μmol/100g FW. The results imply a maximum of health beneficial compounds after fermentation (7–9days) in contrast to raw cabbage or stored sauerkraut.
Introduction. Creating favorable conditions for the development of lactic acid microorganisms is one of the main factors in obtaining high-quality fermented products. The cycle of their life directly ...depends on the amount and composition of carbohydrates in plant tissue. Since a significant part of carbohydrates is consumed at the initial stage of fermentation process, additional fortification is needed. The research objective was to study the development rate of lactic acid microorganisms during the fermentation of plant substrate with a modified carbohydrate composition.
Study objects and methods. The research featured model medium based on white cabbage of the Parus variety. The medium was fermented with different strains of lactic acid microorganisms: at the first stage of fermentation – Leuconostoc mesenteroides, at the second stage – Lactobacillus casei VKM 536, Lactobacillus plantarum VKM B-578, Lactobacillus brevis VKM B-1309, and their paired consortia. The initial plant material was subjected to grinding and removal of native microflora for the development of target lactic acid microorganisms, then inoculated with L. mesenteroides. The target lactic acid microorganisms were introduced after the first stage of fermentation with simultaneous adjustment of the carbohydrate composition.
Results and discussion. The technology included modes of controlled two-stage microbial transformation of plant raw materials using modification of the carbohydrate composition of the substrate. A number of experiments made it possible to select the optimal composition of the consortium and establish the optimal fermentation time at the main stage of microbial processing. When the plant substrate was fermented by the consortium of L. casei + L. plantarum with an increased carbohydrate component, the decrease in the concentration was quite small: after 5–30 days, the decrease in the concentration of microorganisms did not exceed one order of magnitude, which was insignificant at an initial concentration of eight orders of magnitude. In other consortia, the decrease in the concentration of microorganisms was more pronounced.
Conclusion. The fortification of the vegetable substrate with carbohydrates made it possible to maintain the concentration of lactic acid microorganisms at a level comparable to the concentration at the time of inoculation. The concentrations of microorganisms varied slightly in both monocultures and their paired consortia during the entire main fermentation stage of the model medium with a modified carbohydrate component. By the end of the main fermentation stage, the concentration of microorganisms did not fall below 107 CFU/g. Therefore, the resulting system “microflora – substrate” proved to have probiotic properties. The study can be used to develop new technological modes of controlled step-by-step fermentation of plant raw materials in order to improve the quality indicators of the final product.
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