A free will Frede, Michael
2011., 20110102, 2011, 2011-02-01, 20110101, Letnik:
68
eBook
Where does the notion of free will come from? How and when did it develop, and what did that development involve? In Michael Frede's radically new account of the history of this idea, the notion of a ...free will emerged from powerful assumptions about the relation between divine providence, correctness of individual choice, and self-enslavement due to incorrect choice. Anchoring his discussion in Stoicism, Frede begins with Aristotle--who, he argues, had no notion of a free will--and ends with Augustine. Frede shows that Augustine, far from originating the idea (as is often claimed), derived most of his thinking about it from the Stoicism developed by Epictetus.
Originally published in 2003, this book offers a comprehensive account of Kant's theory of freedom and his moral anthropology. The point of departure is the apparent conflict between three claims to ...which Kant is committed: that human beings are transcendentally free, that moral anthropology studies the empirical influences on human beings, and that more anthropology is morally relevant. Frierson shows why this conflict is only apparent. He draws on Kant's transcendental idealism and his theory of the will and describes how empirical influences can affect the empirical expression of one's will in a way that is morally significant but still consistent with Kant's concept of freedom. As a work which integrates Kant's anthropology with his philosophy as a whole, this book will be an unusually important source of study for all Kant scholars and advanced students of Kant.
Tracing the gradual crystallisation of Augustine's doctrine on grace in the individual periods of his thinking, this book also shows the unacceptable consequences of Augustine's teaching as ...criticised by his Pelagian opponents.
The most extensive English-language study of Schopenhauer's
metaphysics of the will yet published, this book represents a major
contribution to Schopenhauer scholarship. Here, John E. Atwell
...critically but sympathetically examines the philosopher's main
work, The World as Will and Representation , demonstrating
that the philosophical system it puts forth does
constitute a consistent whole. The author holds that this system is
centered on a single thought, "The world is self-knowledge of the
will." He then traces this unifying concept through the four books
of The World as Will and Representation , and, in the
process, dissolves the work's alleged inconsistencies.
Do human beings ever act freely, and if so what does freedom mean? Is everything that happens antecedently caused, and if so how is freedom possible? Is it right, even for God, to punish people for ...things that they cannot help doing? This volume presents the famous seventeenth-century controversy in which Thomas Hobbes and John Bramhall debate these questions and others. The complete texts of their initial contributions to the debate are included, together with selections from their subsequent replies to one another and from other works of Hobbes, in a collection that offers an illuminating commentary on issues still of concern to philosophers today. The volume is completed by a historical and philosophical introduction that explains the context in which the debate took place.
Most readers of Spinoza treat him as a pure metaphysician, a grim determinist, or a stoic moralist, but none of these descriptions captures the author of theEthics,argues Steven B. Smith in this ...intriguing book. Offering a new reading of Spinoza's masterpiece, Smith asserts that the Ethics is a celebration of human freedom and its attendant joys and responsibilities and should be placed among the great founding documents of the Enlightenment.
Two aspects of Smith's book distinguish it from other studies. It treats the famous "geometrical method" of theEthicsas a form of moral rhetoric, a model for the construction of individuality. And it presents theEthicsas a companion to Spinoza's major work of political philosophy, theTheologico-Political Treatise,each work helping to explore the problem of freedom. Affirming Spinoza's centrality for both critics and defenders of modernity, the book will be of value to students of political theory, philosophy, and intellectual history.
The validity of a will is conditioned by the existence of the testamentary capacity at the time of its creation, existence of certain qualities regarding the testator's will, as well as the the ...requirement that the will of the testator must be expressed in the form and under the conditions provided by law. The aticle primarily focuses on certain substantive legal assumptions of the validity of will, as well as on formal legal assumptions of its validity, specifically, on the testamentary capacity and forms of will, and the prescribed form requirements regarding existing forms of will, i.e. the conditions under which they can be made. By analyzing the current statutory provisions that are dedicated to the mentioned issues, from the point of view of the ruling doctrinal positions, as well as legal solutions accepted in other countries, certain deficiencies are identified in their legislation as well as in the application of these solutions in legal practice. In the paper, the authors propose the necessary changes and supplements in order to obtain a higher quality, as well as a more comprehensive way of regulating the analyzed institutes in the domain of the testamentary inheritance.
Previous research found that experimentally reducing people’s belief in free will affects social behaviors. However, more recent investigations could not replicate several findings in this ...literature. An explanation for the mixed findings is that free will beliefs are related to social behaviors on a correlational level, but experimental manipulations are not able to detect this relation. To test this interpretation, we conceptually replicated and extended a landmark study in the free will belief literature originally conducted by Baumeister et al. In five studies (total N = 1,467), we investigated whether belief in free will predicts helping behavior in comparison to other beliefs related to free will. Overall, our results support the original findings, as belief in free will correlated with helping behavior. However, the results also show that the best predictor of helping behavior is not belief in free will but belief in dualism. Theoretical implications are discussed.
The combination of life with electronic technologies and its undeniable benefits has led to the development of electronic transactions and regulation in this field. This penetration of technology is ...not only limited to commercial transactions, but it has also occupied minds in the field of wills. According to the equipment used for its conclusion of wills, the electronic will is divided into electronic written and unwritten (audio and video). Now, it is reasonable to raise the question of whether the will, as a legal act based on formalism, can be concluded electronically or not. Are all types of electronic wills valid or should a distinction be made between written and unwritten electronic wills? There are different opinions in this regard: Some have denied the validity of the electronic will and others have accepted the conclusion of this type of will due to its benefits. This issue has remained silent in Iranian law, but in American law, detailed research has been done in this regard. In this country, written electronic will have been accepted in various states, but unwritten electronic wills are still not recognized as a means of concluding a will. However, it is appropriate to use an analytical-descriptive method, with a comparative approach by looking at American laws and jurisprudence, and also, bypassing the necessary laws to fill the gap in the legal system. This article considers that the move towards the acceptance of electronic will is inevitable in Iranian law. For this reason, by adhering to the provisions of the Electronic Commerce Act, it has recognized the validity of all types of electronic wills
