The Internet of Things (IoT) is envisioned to become a driving force in the evolution of fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks, autonomous continuous monitoring and control platforms, and low-power ...consumption devices. Conventionally, these devices are battery-operated. The battery lifespan degrades faster in the case of continuous monitoring devices. Limited battery lifetime motivates us to investigate an eco-friendly solution to solve the issue of limited battery life and frequent replacement. Energy harvesting (EH) is a key-enabling technique that provides a viable solution to the challenge at hand. EH minimizes battery dependence by collecting energy from ambient sources. Although several studies have been conducted on EH-IoT networks, a tutorial on a possible mapping between the use cases/application to the IoT devices and the IoT devices to EH power source still needs to be included. To address this gap, we classify IoT devices based on their applications. Based on the different interfacing sections of layer architecture design of IoT device, this paper tries to fill the gap between IoT applications and the self-sustainable IoT system design. Next, each interfacing section is categorized into layer architecture of IoT device to study layer-specific power requirements (or demand) versus EH sources (or supply). We have considered various applications like agriculture, healthcare, industry, city, security, transportation, and water management. Further, we discuss different energy sources to harness ambient energy and the method to store the harvested energy. Then, the widely used standards and the various steps taken for the interoperability and compatibility of EH-IoT are outlined to understand the elements of the EH interface. Finally, we point out future research issues requiring specific attention for deploying self-sustainable IoT-based delay-limited applications.
Wireless network-on-chip (WiNoC) face serious reliability challenges, and the fault-tolerant design of wireless routers (WRs) has a significant impact on the transmission efficiency of the overall ...on-chip network. Due to the continuous shrinking of CMOS technology and the integration of wireless technology in complex circuits, WRs appear to become more prevalent. In this paper, we propose a dynamic detection strategy for wireless interface faults in WiNoC, which classifies the fault scenarios of wireless interfaces in WRs, implements wireless interface fault detection in WiNoC operation, and updates the fault scenarios. Meanwhile, a fault-free WR table-based nearest route algorithm is also presented to maximize the network performance. The Evaluations show that the proposed scheme can effectively guarantee the network performance when WR faults occur in the network and is also effective under the case of moderate WR fault rate.
•We propose two mechanisms to ensure efficient communication in wireless network.•First, we propose a dynamic detection mechanism for potential faults in the wireless interface.•Next, we propose a WI fault-tolerant routing algorithm to select the optimal routing path.•Finally, the evaluation results show that the proposed scheme maintains low latency and large throughput under moderate faults.
Spinal cord injury causes a drastic loss in motor and sensory function. Intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) is an electrical stimulation method developed for restoring motor function by activating ...the spinal networks below the level of injury. Current ISMS technology uses fine penetrating microwires to stimulate the ventral horn of the lumbar enlargement. The penetrating wires traverse the dura mater through a transdural conduit that connects to an implantable pulse generator.
A wireless, fully intradural ISMS implant was developed to mitigate the potential complications associated with the transdural conduit, including tethering and leakage of cerebrospinal fluid.
Two wireless floating microelectrode array (WFMA) devices were implanted in the lumbar enlargement of an adult domestic pig. Voltage transients were used to assess the electrochemical stability of the interface. Manual flexion and extension movements of the spine were performed to evaluate the mechanical stability of the interface. Post-mortem 9T MRI imaging was used to confirm the location of the electrodes.
The WFMA-based ISMS interface successfully evoked extension and flexion movements of the hip joint. Stimulation thresholds remained stable following manual extension and flexion of the spine.
The preliminary results demonstrate the surgical feasibility as well as the functionality of the proposed wireless ISMS system.
This study presents a new design of a wearable orthosis of elbow joint with a bimuscular pneumatic servo-drive (PSD) with control based on the recording of bioelectric signals (BESs). The authors ...analyzed the impact of the induced brain activity and the muscular tension within the head of the participant on the BESs that can be used to control the PSD of the elbow joint orthosis. To control the elbow joint orthosis, a distributed control system (DCS) was developed, which contains two control layers: a master layer connected to the device for recording the BES and a direct layer contained in a wireless manner with the controller of the PSD. A kinematic-dynamic model of the elbow joint orthosis, patterned after the biological model of human biceps–triceps, was used in the programming of the PSD controller. A biomimetic dynamic model of the pneumatic muscle actuator (PMA) was used, in which the contraction force results from the adopted exponential static model of the pneumatic muscle (PM). The use of direct visual feedback (DVF) makes it possible for the participant to focus on the movement of the orthosis taking into account the motoric functions of the elbow.
In latest field deployable defence applications, development of a flowing medium liquid laser source is still a grey area and is multidisciplinary in nature with scant available data in terms of ...laser medium parameters and involves numerous technological challenges. Uniform flow of circulating active medium, safety concern during circulation, maintaining the temperature of the liquid lasing medium, power supply to the pumping source i.e., laser diode stack, real time display of critical parameters, flow regulation during experiments, remote operation and actuation for some event to be happen are some of them. All these are achieved using one key of 100 channel single window customized acquisition and control system with varying sampling rates from 100 samples/s to 200 ksamples/s and 16 bit resolution based on wireless interface. This paper discusses interfacing of acquisition and control system (ACS) to the liquid aprotic laser subsystems with proper safety interlocking and remote operation (35 m through five, one feet concrete walls and 80 m through, one feet concrete wall) with portable features.
This paper focuses on developing and testing three versions of interactive bike (iBikE) interfaces for remote monitoring and control of cycling exercise sessions to promote upper and lower limb ...rehabilitation.
Two versions of the system, which consisted of a portable bike and a tablet PC, were designed to communicate through either Bluetooth low energy (BLE) or Wi-Fi interfaces for real-time monitoring of exercise progress by both the users and their clinical team. The third version of the iBikE system consisted of a motorized bike and a tablet PC. It utilized conventional Bluetooth to implement remote control of the motorized bike's speed during an exercise session as well as to provide real-time visualization of the exercise progress. We developed three customized tablet PC apps with similar user interfaces but different communication protocols for all the platforms to provide a graphical representation of exercise progress. The same microcontroller unit (MCU), ESP-32, was used in all the systems.
Each system was tested in 1-minute exercise sessions at various speeds. To evaluate the accuracy of the measured data, in addition to reading speed values from the iBikE app, the cycling speed of the bikes was measured continuously using a tachometer. The mean differences of averaged RPMs for both data sets were calculated. The calculated values were 0.38 ± 0.03, 0.25 ± 0.27, and 6.7 ± 3.3 for the BLE system, the Wi-Fi system, and the conventional Bluetooth system, respectively.
All interfaces provided sufficient accuracy for use in telerehabilitation.
Connectivity is rapidly becoming a core feature of modern vehicles to enable the provision of intelligent services that promote safer transport networks, real-time traffic infotainment systems and ...remote asset monitoring. As such, a reliable communications back-bone is required to connect vehicles that deliver real-time data to smart services deployed at cloud or edge architecture tiers. Hence, reliable uplink connectivity becomes a necessity. Next-generation vehicles will be equipped with multiple wireless interfaces, and require robust mechanisms for reliable and efficient management of such communication interfaces. In this context, the contribution of this article is a learning based approach for interface selection known as the Multi-Armed Bandit Adaptive Similarity-based Regressor (MABASR). MABASR takes advantage of the underlying linear relationship between channel quality parameters and uplink data rate to realise a robust interface selection policy. It is shown how this approach outperforms algorithms developed in prior work, achieving up to two orders of magnitude lower standard deviation of the obtained reward when trained on different data sets. Thus, higher reliability and less dependency on the structure of the training data are achieved. The approach is tested in mobile, static, and artificial static scenarios where severe network congestion is simulated. All data sets used for the evaluation are made publicly available.
Cost related to the wiring of sensors and actuators in the manufacturing industry is rapidly increasing with the number of field devices. Complex engineering as well as cable wear and tear are ...important factors. For over a decade, fieldbuses have been the dominating approach to simplify installation, reduce engineering efforts, and increase reliability at the field level. The next step in this process is to introduce wireless communication in certain problematic parts of the field network. In order to do this, a reliable real-time communication system, designed to cope with the harsh environments where factory automation systems are employed, is required. The wireless interface for sensors and actuators (WISA), with its two subconcepts WISA-power and WISA-com, is such a system. This paper discusses how the WISA concept can be efficiently integrated into wired field networks for factory automation-both state-of-the-art process fieldbus decentral peripherals (PROFIBUS DP) and new (PROFINET IO) networks. We propose amendments to WISA, which will improve the 802.11b/g coexistence and harmonize the integration of WISA for sensor/actuator communication in, e.g., PROFINET IO systems. The suggested improvements relate to both the radio protocol in order to improve coexistence with other wireless technologies as well as concepts for the integration of WISA into the field network of PROFINET/PROFIBUS.
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted every aspect of health delivery and encouraged to replace in-person clinical visits with telecommunications. By providing wireless communication between embedded ...electronic devices and sensors, telerehabilitation enables constant monitoring of vital body functions, and tracking of physical activities of a person and aids physical therapy. In this paper, we designed and tested two remotely controlled versions of interactive bike (iBikE) systems which communicate through either Wi-Fi or BLE and give the clinical team the capability to monitor exercise progress in real time using simple graphical representation. We used the same hardware and user interface for both designs. The software uses either Wi-Fi or BLE protocol to connect the iBikE equipment and PC tablet. The bike can be used for upper or lower limb rehabilitation. A customized tablet app was developed to provide user interface between the app and the bike sensors. Both bikes were tested with a single group of nine individuals in two separate sessions. Each individual was asked to hand-cycle for three separate sub-sessions (1 minute each for slow, medium, and fast pace) with one-minute rest. During each sub-session, speed of the bikes was measured continuously using a tachometer, in addition to reading speed values from the iBikE app, to compare the functionality and accuracy of the measured data. Measured RPMs in each sub-session from iBikE and tachometer were further divided into 4 categories: 10-second bins (6 bins), 20-second bins (3 bins), 30-second bins (2 bins), and RPMs in each sub-session (1 minute, 1 bin). Then, the mean difference of each category (iBikE, tachometer) was calculated for each sub-session. Finally, mean and standard deviation (SD) of the calculated mean differences were reported for all individuals. We saw decreasing trend in both mean and SD from 10 second to 1 minute measurement. For BLE iBikE system, minimum mean RPM difference was 0.2 \pm 0.3 in one-minute sub-session with medium speed. This number was 0.21 \pm 0.21 in one-minute sub-session with slow speed for Wi-Fi iBikE system. Thus, testing confirmed high accuracy of our interfaces.
PDF
