Modern complex interconnect systems are augmented with new features to serve the increasing number of on-chip processing elements (PE). To achieve the desired performance, power and reliability in ...the contemporary designs; Network-on-Chips (NoC) are reinforced with additional hardware and pipeline stages. Wireless hubs are supplemented on top of the baseline wired NoC for efficient intra-chip long distance communications. With the increasing complexity of the network, it is extremely difficult to ensure the functional correctness of the interconnect module at the pre-silicon verification stage. Hence, a robust post-silicon validation mechanism for NoCs has to be devised to guarantee the error-free functioning of the system. This paper exploits the capabilities of the wireless hubs present in wireless NoC (WNoC) to establish a novel post-silicon validation model for communication networks. The proposed method facilitates a better observability of the system in case of transient packet faults like misroute and packet-drop without any additional overhead in term of trace buffer size and trace bandwidth requirement. An overall 30% improvement in fault detection and path reconstruction is observed in comparison to the wired network using this wireless scheme. The wireless transceivers constructively use the existing network to transport the traces till the external debug analyzer, thus eliminating the need of additional trace bus while elevating the speed of trace communication.
Nowadays, power consumption is a big concern for mobile devices because battery power of mobile devices is one of the most crucial resources. Unfortunately, the performance of battery power fails to ...meet the power needs of high-end mobile devices. Increased data to be transferred/received through wireless communication incur high power consumption, because the wireless communication interface is one of the most dominant modules of mobile devices in terms of power consumption. Therefore, efficient power management of wireless interfaces should be employed for mobile devices. Dynamic power management is widely employed in order to support multiple power modes such as active modes (e.g., transmit, receive, and idle mode) and inactive modes (e.g., sleep mode and power off). Therefore maximizing the staying time of the wireless interface in an inactive mode is an essential scheme to reduce energy expenditure. However, required overhead energy and time for turning on/off the wireless interface are not negligible. Most of recent works have been trying to enhance the hardware architecture or network/MAC protocols. In this paper, we present an energy-efficient carpool policy that turns on the wireless interface and transmits all awaited data only when the predefined threshold is exceeded. We propose two kinds of thresholds–time and space. For practical evaluation, we conduct not only simulations but also experimental measurements by implementing a test program on a real test bed. Results of simulation and experimental measurements show that our proposed scheme incurs less energy expenditure than legacy power management schemes do.
Remanufacturing of electronic control units (ECUs) is a challenging task. Current technology does not allow retrieving the status of installed electronics. In addition, it is not possible to access ...ECUs wirelessly without power supply. The wireless (service) interface radio-frequency communication (RFCo) has been developed to overcome these challenges. Here we show that by integrating RFCo into ECUs, operating data, general information, and the error log can be obtained without a mechanical connection. Furthermore, it is possible to update the firmware wirelessly. Consequently, the new interface RFCo permits faster and easier remanufacturing of ECUs, with results of superior quality.
Currently, on-chip routers consume the majority of the power budget. Moreover, the static power consumption has taken up a significant fraction of the total power consumption in the router. ...Especially in the light traffic state, the router idle time is notable, but fragmented owing to the impact of some burst traffic, increasing the challenge of reducing static power consumption through power gating. In this paper, a reconfigurable and energy-efficient router architecture design (REE) is proposed: bypass connections are set for routers, and deflection rules are formulated to ensure that routers maintain connectivity in the network under power gating situation, and reduce the deflection rate of packets encountering sleeping routers. Meanwhile, a reusable predictor is introduced to efficiently predict the idle time to wake up the sleeping router appropriately. In addition, the fine-grained power gating (PG) design is introduced in the wireless interface of wireless routers (WRs) to obtain the scheme REE+, which reduces the idle time of transmitter (TX) components and effectively saves the static power consumption of Wireless Interface. Experiments demonstrate that both the REE and REE + schemes in this paper have negligible impact on latency as well as throughput, while the energy savings are significant: 64.5% and 68.3% average static power savings for REE and REE + schemes, respectively, compared to No_PG, and 13.7% and 20.5% average improvement in terms of static power saving compared to Turn-on on Turn (TooT), respectively.
•In order to optimize router energy efficiency and to and avoid performance penalties due to power gating routers, this paper proposes reconfigurable and energy-efficient WiNoC routers with the following main contributions.•First, we propose reconfigurable router designs with a combination of coarse and fine granularity. The Schemes make the TX side of WI and the router go to sleep when idle, guaranteeing the connectivity of the router in the network. In addition, a deflection rules are formulated to effectively avoid deflection of the router and ensure deadlock-free routing.•Next, we propose a new router wake-up mechanism to reduce the number of times to wake up the router, effectively prolonging the sleep time of PG router.•Finally, the evaluations illustrate that compared with the TooT scheme, both REE and REE+ schemes have negligible impact on latency and throughput, and achieve significant energy savings.
This paper presents a solution in which a wireless interface is employed to replace the cables in bridge-sensor measurement applications. The most noticeable feature of the presented approach is the ...fact that the wireless interface simply replaces the cables without any additional hardware modification to the existing system. In this approach, the concept of reciprocal topology is employed, where the transmitter side acquires signals with its own transfer function and the receiver side reconstructs them with the transfer function reciprocal to the transmitter transfer function. In this paper the principle of data acquisition and reconstruction is described together with the implementation details of the signal transfer from the sensor to the signal-monitoring equipment. The wireless data communication was investigated and proprietary data-reduction methods were developed. The proposed methods and algorithms were implemented using two different wireless technologies. The performance was evaluated with a dedicated data-acquisition system and finally, the test results were analyzed. The two different sets of results indicated the high level of amplitude and the temporal accuracy of the wirelessly transferred sensor signals.
In cattle breeding industry, where artificial insemination techniques are employed, the successful detection of estrus onset leads to considerable cost-saving in herd management. One of the most ...reliable approaches is based on the determination of progesterone concentration in milk. However, these methods rely on the biosensor concept where a biological substrate is used in a chemical-binding reaction to directly or indirectly produce some effect (electrical or light) that is used at the transducer level. These methods present several drawbacks concerning real-time measurements due to the complexity of the reactions involved and reagent/waste handling. Another approach is to combine measurements of temperature and electrical resistance of reproductive tissues to predict estrus. Using a low-power microsystem with wireless capabilities it is possible to take these measurements in situ and more frequently. The proposed microsystem comprises a second-order delta–sigma modulator for analog-to-digital conversion and a class-E radio-frequency (RF) transmitter operating in the ISM-band of 433 MHz to transfer acquired data to a collar. Electrical resistance is measured by using a modified Wenner array and temperature by the on-chip temperature sensor. System (including battery and antenna) package is made of a tissue-compatible material to allow implantation in the cow’s vulvar muscle. Since estrus prediction is based on relative changes of the two correlated parameters, calibration is not necessary. Some preliminary results regarding the measuring concept are presented.
A new application for a wireless packet-based serial data transmission using an EEPROM with an I2C and a NFC interface will be presented in this paper. Our system allows the secure exchange of a ...large amount of data compared to classical NFC appliances. A protocol handles the fragmentation, encryption, error handling, session handling and authentication. A brief description of the used ST M24SR64-Y EEPROM including the memory layout and the used special hardware features will be discussed. In addition, a new kind of antenna for such an application with respect to a reduced footprint is presented. Our target is an implementation for industrial or medical applications to write a configuration or firmware or to read parameters from the device with no direct electro-mechanical connection.
Standby power consumption of electric devices is a major issue. It accounts for 5 % to 14 % of the total residential power consumption. However, applying state-of-the-art power management techniques ...can reduce this waste of energy drastically.
In this paper we present an innovative and secure Near Field Communication (NFC) Interface technique for everyday electronic devices. By integrating this field-powered and secure communication interface, a target device can be switched off during standby. If user interaction is requested, NFC provides the electrical energy to switch on the target device’s power supply and to start the device. Thus, standby power consumption of an NFC enhanced device is eliminated completely. Besides standby power management, our interface features cryptography, innovative hardware abstraction and user interface concepts, and it enables configuration, monitor, and control tasks of the target device.
The increase in the number of private vehicles in the community increases every year, with the increase in the number of private vehicles uses causing the need for fuel to continue to increase so ...that often the supply of fuel at public filling stations (SPBU) cannot serve the needs of the community because the new fuel supply is not proportional to the amount of fuel purchased and causes the fuel stock at the SPBU to run out before the new fuel supply comes. Usually, the measurement of fuel stocks is done manually using the measurement method using a dipstick, because using the manual method the stock of fuel in the tank cannot be monitored in real-time and causes inaccuracies in monitoring fuel stocks. Then a system was designed that has been integrated in monitoring tank volume stock using the HY-SRF05 ultrasonic sensor mounted on a different tank and using the NRF24L01+ PA LNA transceiver communication module. The data read by the sensor ultrasonic HY-SRF05 height sensor for detect volume in the tank which is placed in a different tank will be transmitted by the NRF24L01+ PA LNA module and will be captured by the same receiver, the data will be processed so that it will be displayed on the LCD and the Google Sheet IOT platform and the reading data will be into an excel document so that the results of the reading can be a reference in managing the stock of fuel. By using this method, the tank volume can be monitored in real time.
Well Measurement of water level is very important for Geothermal Well operations. Manual measurement is very ineffective and inefficient because the water level cannot be monitored in real time. So, ...a wireless interface communication system was designed to monitor water level using ultrasonic sensor and the NRF24LOl+ PA LNA transceiver communication module. The NRF24LOI + P A LNA is a long-distance wireless communication module that utilizes a 2.4-2.5 GHz radio wave frequency equipped with a Low Noise Amplifier and Power Amplifier. The distance data from the sensor transmitted by the NRF24LOI + P A LNA communication module will be displayed on the LCD and the thingspeak website platform. By using this method, the water level can be monitored quickly in real time and efficiently. The test results of communication modules show that the capability of the NRF24LOl+ PA LNA module is quite good and effective in transmitting data at a maximum distance of 200 meters.
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