Selected Dialectal Pronouns from South-Eastern Poland (Outline)
The author of this article discusses the structure, origin and functions of dialectal pronouns which occur in the local dialect of ...Posada Jaśliska near Krosno. Posada Jaśliska is a village of three cultures: Polish, Lemko and Slovakian. The author describes mutual influences of these three languages on shaping the collection of pronouns, with particular emphasis on the pronouns that are typical of this area or known only in this place: definite ones, such as haw ‘here’ and het ‘very far, somewhere, from somewhere, away’, and indefinite pronouns, such as dakto ‘whoever’, dagdzie ‘wherever’.
Coś innego (Something Else) Is Different than co innego (Something Different). These and Similar Issues
The article discusses the opposition between Polish pronouns ending with -ś and corresponding ...pronouns which lack this exponent. Such an opposition can be noticed in the combinations of units of both types with the expressions: inny/indziej (else/other), (e.g. ktoś inny : kto inny, coś innego : co innego, gdzieś indziej : gdzie indziej, kiedyś indziej : kiedy indziej, etc.), as well as in some modal contexts (e.g. Potrzebuję kogoś do pomocy vs. Potrzebuję kogo do pomocy, i. e. ‘I need someone to help me’). The author of the article claims that pronouns in such pairs do not possess the same meaning, as they differ semantically and, in some cases, also pragmatically. The semantic difference between them comes down to the key contrast between the subject being spoken of and what is said about the subject. In the contexts under consideration, the pronouns ending with -ś are indexes used to denote objects in the world, while those belonging to the other type only pretend to occupy the positions of the predicate arguments, which are neither specified nor implemented. The article also considers the possibility of treating the analyzed types of expressions not as sets of separate lexemes, but rather as products of adequate operations that should be properly described.
InTheoretical and Experimental Aspects of Syntax-Discourse Interface in Heritage Grammars,Tanya Ivanova-Sullivan investigates comprehension and production of anaphoric dependencies in heritage ...Russian. She explains the representational and processing mechanisms behind the divergent behaviour of the experimental group.
Pričujoči članek se osredotoča na kontrastivno analizo francoskih nedoločnih določevalnikov in slovenskih samostalniških in pridevniških zaimkov. Članek se omejuje na standardno generično in delno ...generično interpretacijo izbranih nedoločnih zaimkov (tout(e/s), chaque, quelque, plusieurs, certains in vsi, vsak, nekaj, več, nekateri) in proučuje njihov semantični, sintaktični in pragmatični vpliv na obe interpretaciji.V primerjavi obeh interpretacij proučujemo tudi, kako lahko položaj nedoločnega določevalnika, glede na to, ali se pojavlja v osebku ali predmetu, vpliva na končno interpretacijo. Analizirani so tudi primeri, iz katerih je razvidna nesprejemljivost ponovitve enega nedoločnega določevalnika v istem stavku, in primeri, kjer je včasih nemogoče ohraniti enako interpretacijo v obeh jezikih.Namen članka je pokazati podobnosti in razlike generične interpretacije v obeh jezikih. Kljub temu, da francoščina ima člen s katerim lažje izraža generičnost kot slovenščina, ki členov nima, pa v nobenem od jezikov ne obstajajo specifična jezikovna znamenja za izražanje generičnosti. Prikazano je, da na generičnost ne vpliva oblika, temveč v veliki meri interpretacija (konteksta in situacije) stavka.
The paper analyses the semantic-syntactic description of expressions of the ten i ten, tak a tak (‘such and such’, ‘so and so’) type. These are not units of language but rather constructions which ...result from the filling of slots meant for anaphoric pronouns in such arrangements as _i i _i and _i a _i. In contrast to the _i i _j arrangement, the discussed idiomatic constructions express a reference to single elements, and hence are not tautological. The paper formulates the following hypotheses: a) expressions of this kind are used in sentences which refer to a different act of speech (potential or real) but instead of designating an element in the current utterance, they recount a reference made in the adduced utterance; b) the analysed constructions act as “position markers” in a sentence, but despite that, they cannot be interpreted as logical variables because they preserve the characteristics of linguistic expressions.
The main goal of the article is to present different kinds of problems connected with the identification of the language units in Old and early Middle Polish texts, and with the various ...manifestations of their functional interpretation. The authors propose the term ‘historical unit of language’ that is understood in both dynamic and static aspects of diachrony. The major sources of these units are inherited expressions, borrowings and internal creations. The historical language unit is bilateral in nature and its semantic features consist of three dimensions: etymological, actual, and associative components. The article examines metatextual units and processes of metatextualization, as well as uses the example of Rozmyślanie przemyskie, Żywot Pana Jezu Krysta and other texts to show such problems as cohesion of the text and its comprehensiveness, especially in syntactic and utterance levels. In the second part of the article the authors present functional division of the Old Polish lexicon based on combinational and semantic characteristics of units in question, i.e. on those properties that are responsible for the tasks to be accomplished by a given class of expressions in making up a higher order unit, i.e. a syntagm. The authors centre on uninflected language units, proposing eight sentence classes and three discursive classes. Among them: uninflected participles, metapredicative operators, adverbs, infinitives, prepositions, uninflected pronominal substitutes of space and temporal expressions and whole sentences, conjunctions, particles and restrictors, contextualizators, connectors.
'Nornomania' refers to the alleged obsession with the Scandinavian ('Norn') heritage in research on the dialects of Orkney and Shetland, as first addressed by Smith (1996). This paper explores the ...impact of a 'Norn bias' on dialect research devoted to the Northern Isles, from Jakobsen's monumental investigation at the end of the 19th century to ongoing projects. Whereas the commitment to rescue and single out the Scandinavian element in Shetland and Orkney dialect has resulted in massive and valuable data collections, it has also, to some extent, flawed the analysis and presentation of the material. The ideal researcher of these dialects should, in fact, not only be well versed in Old Norse and Norwegian dialects but also in Scots.
This book is a corpus-based study examining thou and you in three speech-related genres from 1560-1760, a crucial period in the history of second person singular pronouns, spanning the time from when ...you became dominant to when thou became all but obsolete. The study embraces the fields of corpus linguistics, historical pragmatics, and historical sociolinguistics. Using data drawn from the recently released A Corpus of English Dialogues 1560-1760 and manuscript material, the aim is to ascertain which extra-linguistic and linguistic factors highlighted by previous research appear particularly relevant in the selection and relative distribution of thou and you. Previous research on thou and you has tended to concentrate on Drama and/or been primarily qualitative in nature. Depositions in particular have hitherto received very little attention. This book is intended to help fill a gap in the literature by presenting an in-depth qualitative and quantitative analysis of pronoun usage in Trials, Depositions, and, for comparative purposes, Drama Comedy.
The present book is a typological study in crucial portions of the grammars of French/Romance and German/Germanic. It starts by asking: What do adverbs, pronouns and full noun phrases have in common? ...This question is tackled, on the one hand, from an empirical perspective by the description of relevant linguistic facts leading to significant and unexpected generalizations, and, on the other hand, from a theoretical perspective by the formalization of (i) a novel model of the Xbar-schema containing at most two Specifiers (double Spec model) and (ii) a well-defined model of Checking Theory, distinguishing A-feature checking from Abar-feature checking (Criterion). The first part of the book deals with the typology and placement of adverbs, while the second part of the book presents the application of Checking Theory, in interaction with the double Spec model of Xbar-theory, to pronouns in Romance and Germanic. The final part of the book contains a treatment of scrambling in Germanic and shows that word order variations among arguments and adverbs within the German(ic) Mittelfeld can be adequately explained in the light of the version of Checking Theory and Phrase Structure Theory developed so far for adverbs and pronouns. We are led to the conclusion that the well-known issue of word order variations can find promising solutions with the Principles & Parameters framework, on the basis of a well-defined formalization of (i) Xbar-theory, (ii) Checking Theory, (iii) clause structure composition, and (iv) locality constraints on syntactic operations and relations.
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