The aim of this paper is discussing some polemical points when it comes to the Brazilian literature written by afro-Brazilian writers. What is the most adequate category to use for talking about ...these texts: afro-Brazilian literature? Afrodescendent literature? Brazilian black literature? After that, it is presented a “study case” focusing the short novel Ilhota, written by Zeli de Oliveira Barbosa.
Many Beijing Siheyuan, a type of Chinese vernacular housing with significant cultural value, have been lost in recent years. Preserving the few remaining has become a necessity, but many contemporary ...architects lack an understanding of their design principles. Based on a historical analysis deriving from Fengshui theory, the Gongcheng Zuofa Zeli ancient construction manual, and craftsmen's experience, this paper describes a parametric algorithm capable of producing Siheyuan variants within a 4D CAD environment which by transforming the original design principles into an algorithm contributes to an understanding of Siheyuan typology and their preservation. This algorithm was implemented in a virtual scripting environment to generate accurate virtual counterparts of historical or extant Siheyuan houses revealing the tacit computational rules underlying traditional Chinese architecture.
Many Beijing Siheyuan, a type of Chinese vernacular housing with significant cultural value, have been lost in recent years. Preserving the few remaining has become a necessity, but many contemporary ...architects lack an understanding of their design principles. Based on a historical analysis deriving from Fengshui theory, the Gongcheng Zuofa Zeli ancient construction manual, and craftsmen's experience, this paper describes a parametric algorithm capable of producing Siheyuan variants within a 4D CAD environment which by transforming the original design principles into an algorithm contributes to an understanding of Siheyuan typology and their preservation. This algorithm was implemented in a virtual scripting environment to generate accurate virtual counterparts of historical or extant Siheyuan houses revealing the tacit computational rules underlying traditional Chinese architecture.
宋代則例初探 이운룡; Yunlong Li
중국학보,
05/2015, Letnik:
72
Journal Article
The 「li」was one of the Chinese ancient legal forms, which occupied an important position in the Chinese ancient legal system, and played an extremely important role. The Song dynasty was the key ...stage of the development of the li. The li of the Song dynasty include the judicial li and the administrative li, the former part mainly means the 「duanli」, while the latter part consist of the 「tiaoli」、 「geli」、「zeli」、「shili」and so on. As one of the administrative li in the Song dynasty, zeli played an important role in the legal system. Zeli got more use with the development of the society and economy in the Song dynasty and the intensive management to the local area by the central government. The zeli of the Song dynasty include two parts, which were about the dispose of the affairs of the central and local governments, especially the management of the officials’ salary and the levy of the tax. According to the different constitutors, the zeli of the Song dynasty include the zeli enacted by the central government, local government and the officer. The specific character of the zeli decide it have an advantage that the other legal forms do not have. The zeli of the Song dynasty was endowed with legal force; it means that the one who violate zeli will be punished. The zeli of the Song and Qing dynasty has both similarities and differences. The similarities were instantiated in the position, problem and feature. Yet, the differences were instantiated in the form, content and application.
Because of its significance, China Yangtze Three Gorges Project Development Corp (CTGPC), the project developer, must choose carefully. It is seeking the most credible insurance companies with ...powerful performance records, strong compensation capacity and good service, said Zhao Zeli, director of the finance department of CTGPC. The developer's strict selection principles have only increased the fierce competition, turning the project into a battleground for insurance companies. Currently, PICC Property and Pacific divided the market share. Between 1995 and 1997, PICC Property underwrote projects worth more than 4.2 billion yuan ($506 million), said Feng Zhijie, deputy general manager of PICC Property.
Hanefi Usûlcülere Göre Hz. Peygamber’in Fiileri ve İctihadları” isimli bu çalışmada, Hanefi usûl
geleneğinin klasik şekil ve muhtevasını kazandığı hicrî beşinci asırda yaşayan Debûsî (ö.
430/1039), ...Pezdevî (ö. 482/1089) ve Serahsî (ö. 483/1090) tarafından telif edilen usûl eserleri
merkeze alınarak Hanefi usûlcülerin Hz. Peygamber’in fiilleri ve ictihadları hakkındaki görüşleri
bizzat kendi kaynaklarından tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Hanefi usûlcüler bir fiilin Allah Resûlü
tarafından yapılmasının o fiilin mubahlığına delâlet edeceğini; fiilin vâcip veya farz olduğuna
hükmedebilmek için ise hârici bir karineye ihtiyaç olduğu savunmuşlardır. Hanefî usûlcüler
ayrıca Hz. Peygamber’in dinî bir gaye ile yaptığı tüm fiillerde ümmete örnek olduğunu ilgili fiilin
Hz. Peygamber’e hass olduğunu söyleyebilmek için bir delil olması gerektiğini savunmuşlardır.
Hz. Peygamber’in ictihadlarını ise vahiy ile ilişkisini esas alarak inceleyen Hanefî usûlcüler, Allah
Resûlü’nün re’y kaynaklı ictihadlarının vahiy kontrolünde olduğunu savunurlar. Debûsî, Allah
Resûlü’nün ictihadlarını “vahy-i hafî”, olarak adlandırırken Pezdevî, “vahy-i bâtın”, Serahsî ise
“şibhü’l-vahy” diye adlandırmayı uygun bulmuştur. Usûl müellifleri Hz. Peygamber'in
ictihadları için kullanılan bu adlandırmalarla Allah Resûlü’nün ictihadlarının vahiy neticesinde
ortaya konmadığını ancak vahyin kontrolünden de uzak olmadığını göstermeyi amaçlamışlardır.
PDF
