•Cannabinoid CB2R was initially assumed to be exclusively in the periphery.•Technological innovations have revealed functional CB2R expression in neurons.•Species differences exist in CB2R genes, ...receptor expression, and function.•Region-specific CB2R transcripts are found in the brain and periphery.•Brain CB2Rs are functional and neuroprotective against various insults.
The type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) was initially regarded as a peripheral cannabinoid receptor. However, recent technological advances in gene detection, alongside the availability of transgenic mouse lines, indicate that CB2Rs are expressed in both neurons and glial cells in the brain under physiological and pathological conditions, and are involved in multiple functions at cellular and behavioral levels. Brain CB2Rs are inducible and neuroprotective via up-regulation in response to various insults, but display species differences in gene and receptor structures, CB2R expression, and receptor responses to various CB2R ligands. CB2R transcripts also differ between the brain and spleen. In the brain, CB2A is the major transcript isoform, while CB2A and CB2B transcripts are present at higher levels in the spleen. These new findings regarding brain versus spleen CB2R isoforms may in part explain why early studies failed to detect brain CB2R gene expression. Here, we review evidence supporting the expression and function of brain CB2R from gene and receptor levels to cellular functioning, neural circuitry, and animal behavior.
The discovery of functional cannabinoid receptors 2 (CB2Rs) in brain suggests a potential new therapeutic target for neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, recent findings in experimental ...animals appear controversial. Here we report that there are significant species differences in CB2R mRNA splicing and expression, protein sequences, and receptor responses to CB2R ligands in mice and rats. Systemic administration of JWH133, a highly selective CB2R agonist, significantly and dose-dependently inhibited intravenous cocaine self-administration under a fixed ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement in mice, but not in rats. However, under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement, JWH133 significantly increased breakpoint for cocaine self-administration in rats, but decreased it in mice. To explore the possible reasons for these conflicting findings, we examined CB2R gene expression and receptor structure in the brain. We found novel rat-specific CB2C and CB2D mRNA isoforms in addition to CB2A and CB2B mRNA isoforms. In situ hybridization RNAscope assays found higher levels of CB2R mRNA in different brain regions and cell types in mice than in rats. By comparing CB2R-encoding regions, we observed a premature stop codon in the mouse CB2R gene that truncated 13 amino-acid residues including a functional autophosphorylation site in the intracellular C-terminus. These findings suggest that species differences in the splicing and expression of CB2R genes and receptor structures may in part explain the different effects of CB2R-selective ligands on cocaine self-administration in mice and rats.
Ashley Thompson struck out six over five innings in Game 1, Kate Hawk posted five strikeouts in three innings of relief and Connell swept River View in an SCAC 1A contest by scores of 5-4 and 4-3. ...Highlights--Tessa Wilder (CB) 5x6, 2 HR, 4RBI; Cotsford (CB) 3B, combined no-hitter with Navarrete; Riehle (CB) 5-5, 2B, 4 RBI; Nicole Roberts (CB) 2B, 4 RBI.
To observe the effect of Ly49A transfected mouse spleen cells on graft versus host disease (GVHD) and graft versus leukemia (GVL) effect after haploidentical allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in ...mice.
Ly49A gene was transfected into spleen cells of C57BL/6 mice by retrovirus and the expression rate of Ly49A receptor was evaluated by flow cytometry. The murine model of haploidentical allogeneic acute GVHD was established by using C57BL/6(H - 2b) mouse as donor, and (BALB/c x C57BL/6) F1(H - 2d/b) (CB(6)F(1)) mouse as the recipient which was injected EL9611 cells before transplantation. After irradiation (TBI, (60)Co 10.5 Gy), the recipient received mixed graft of spleen cells and bone marrow cells to establish a GVHD model. The effects of Ly49A transfected spleen cells on GVHD and GVL post haploidentical allogeneic bone marrow transplantation were detected with this model.
The expression rate of Ly49A receptor was (42.20 +/- 4.87)%, (18.67 +/- 2.48)% and (18.73 +/- 3.82)% for pLXSN-Ly49A, pLXSN transfecte
Measurement of leaf indentation Kanai, H; Ohkawa, C
Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica,
1982/04/20, Letnik:
33
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Measurement points of leaf indentations were defined to find out any reasonable boundary between `serration' and `incision' as shown in Fig. 1A. There, l_1 is the tangent of an indentation with two ...contact points A and B and l_2 is another tangent parallel to l_1 with a contact point C. The depth of the indentation (H) is represented by the length of the parpendicular from C to l_1. If the foot of the parpendicular (D) comes out of the range of A and B, the depth of the indentation (H) is CA or CB whichever shorter as shown in Fig. 1B. The outermost tangents of a leaf define primary indentations AaBaCa etc., and various other indentations EFG etc. are included in each of them (Fig. 1 G, H). The rate of indentation (R) is calculated by the formula, R=H/W × 100, in which H is the depth of indentation and W is the width of leaf brade defined in Fig. 1 E, and F. Frequencies of R in various indentations of various plants (Tab. 2) were shown in Fig. 2 A and Tab. 3 where the boundary of `serration' and `incision' was found to be laid at around R=8.2. It is reasonable to define `serration' as an indentation with R<7.0 and `incision' as R≧9.0. Shallow and middle `incision' was not clearly discriminated by the value of R (Fig. 2B) but the boundary between deep `incision' and other shallow `incision' could be observed at around R=20〜25 (Fig. 2C).
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