Rapid Arctic warming is expected to increase global greenhouse gas concentrations as permafrost thaw exposes immense stores of frozen carbon (C) to microbial decomposition. Permafrost thaw also stimulates plant growth, which could offset C loss. Using data from 7 years of experimental Air and Soil warming in moist acidic tundra, we show that Soil warming had a much stronger effect on CO flux than Air warming. Soil warming caused rapid permafrost thaw and increased ecosystem respiration (R ), gross primary productivity (GPP), and net summer CO storage (NEE). Over 7 years R , GPP, and NEE also increased in Control (i.e., ambient plots), but this change could be explained by slow thaw in Control areas. In the initial stages of thaw, R , GPP, and NEE increased linearly with thaw across all treatments, despite different rates of thaw. As thaw in Soil warming continued to increase linearly, ground surface subsidence created saturated microsites and suppressed R , GPP, and NEE. However R and GPP remained high in areas with large Eriophorum vaginatum biomass. In general NEE increased with thaw, but was more strongly correlated with plant biomass than thaw, indicating that higher R in deeply thawed areas during summer months was balanced by GPP. Summer CO flux across treatments fit a single quadratic relationship that captured the functional response of CO flux to thaw, water table depth, and plant biomass. These results demonstrate the importance of indirect thaw effects on CO flux: plant growth and water table dynamics. Nonsummer R models estimated that the area was an annual CO source during all years of observation. Nonsummer CO loss in warmer, more deeply thawed soils exceeded the increases in summer GPP, and thawed tundra was a net annual CO source.