Introduction Hospital‐associated deconditioning (HAD) or post‐hospital syndrome is well recognized as reduced functional performance after an acute hospitalization. Recommendations for the management of HAD are still lacking, partly due to a poor understanding of the underlying processes. We aimed to review existing data on risk factors, pathophysiology, measurement tools, and potential interventions. Materials and methods We conducted a systematic review from bibliographical databases in English, Spanish and French with keywords such as ‘post‐hospitalization syndrome’ or ‘deconditioning’. We selected studies that included people aged 60 years or older. Three researchers independently selected articles and assessed their quality. Results From 4421 articles initially retrieved, we included 94 studies. Most were related to risk factors, trajectories and measures, and focused on the physical aspects of deconditioning. Risk factors for HAD included age, nutritional status, mobility, and pre‐admission functional status, but also cognitive impairment and depression. Regarding interventions, almost all studies were devoted to physical rehabilitation and environmental modifications. Only one study focused on cognitive stimulation. Discussion In the last decade, studies on HAD have mostly focused on the physical domain. However, neurological changes may also play a role in the pathophysiology of HAD. Beyond physical interventions, cognitive rehabilitation and neurological interventions should also be evaluated to improve deconditioning prevention and treatment in the hospital setting. Key points Many studies have been devoted to HAD in the last decade, with some consistent findings. Most studies have focused on the physical dimensions of HAD. Few mechanistic and intervention studies have been conducted. The cognitive and psychological dimensions of HAD remain understudied. A consensus definition of HAD and a clear research agenda are needed.