Age, gender, and typological features of the vegetative status, endocrine status, and nonspecific resistance were studied in older adolescents from a boarding school. Activity of the sympathetic regulation of vegetative functions was shown to decrease in the older adolescents; cortisol and testosterone increased in boys and decreased in girls during puberty. Parameters of the vegetative and hormonal regulation were associated with puberty specifics; i.e., more effective neuroendocrine relationships formed during the transition to puberty stage IV in boys and stage V in girls. Vagotonia was identified as the optimal type of autonomic regulation in later adolescence in boys, and a balanced initial autonomic tone, in girls. Adolescent boys with a vagotonic type of autonomic regulation differed from their peers with sympatheticotonic or eutonic types in having higher contents of cortisol and testosterone and a high level of nonspecific resistance; a characteristic feature of eutonic girls was a decrease in testosterone with an optimal functional state of the body. The results indicated that the parameters under study are of prognostic significance for assessing the adaptive capacity in adolescents during learning.