Introduction Overactive bladder (OAB) can adversely affect health‐related quality‐of‐life (HRQoL) and adherence to treatments; however, the extent of their association is unknown. This study sought to characterize Sleep Disturbance, Depression, Fatigue, and patient‐reported medication adherence among adults with OAB in the United States. Materials and Methods In this descriptive, observational study, patients completed patient‐reported outcome (PRO) measures of urinary symptoms, anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep quality, and medication adherence. PRO scores were compared across age, sex, body mass index, and sleep and antidepressant medication‐taking subgroups. Exploratory analyses compared PRO scores between groups and estimated the effect size of differences. Results Of 1013 patients contacted, 159 completed the assessments (female: 67.3%; ≥65 years of age: 53.5%; most severe OAB symptom: nocturia). Scale scores for Sleep Disturbance, Fatigue, and Depression were consistent with US population norms. No correlations of moderate or greater magnitude were observed between the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms and Sleep Disturbance, Fatigue, or Depression. When comparing individuals receiving antidepressants with those who were not, almost all outcomes including urinary symptoms, anxiety, and depression were significantly worse. Patients taking antidepressants also had poorer adherence to their OAB medications. Conclusion In this cohort of individuals with OAB, Sleep Disturbance, Fatigue, and Depression scores were in line with general population reference values; however, among the subgroups analyzed, patients on antidepressants had worse HRQoL and more substantial impacts on medication adherence, highlighting the importance of the assessment and management of depression in this population.