•Airway nociceptors are derived from jugular or nodose vagal ganglia.•Jugular and nodose nociceptors differ in embryology, phenotype, function and anatomical wiring.•Jugular nociceptors may play a critical role in cough and airway sensation.•Jugular nociceptors and their central signaling may be a new target for relieving chronic cough. The airways receive a dense supply of sensory nerve fibers that are responsive to damaging or potentially injurious stimuli. These airway nociceptors are mainly derived from the jugular and nodose vagal ganglia, and when activated they induce a range of reflexes and sensations that play an essential role in airway protection. Jugular nociceptors differ from nodose nociceptors in their embryonic origins, molecular profile and termination patterns in the airways and the brain, and recent discoveries suggest that excessive activity in jugular nociceptors may be central to the development of chronic cough. For these reasons, targeting jugular airway nociceptor signaling processes at different levels of the neuraxis may be a promising target for therapeutic development. In this focused review, we present the current understanding of jugular ganglia nociceptors, how they may contribute to chronic cough and mechanisms that could be targeted to bring about cough suppression.