Fe3O4 nanoparticles decorated on cellulose aerogel (CA) from banana stems (Fe3O4@CA) were synthesized for application in the Fenton degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP). Cellulose aerogel extracted from raw banana stems was synthesized with kymene as a crosslinking agent and freeze-dried method. The Fe3O4@CA samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The samples with different contents of Fe3O4 on cellulose aerogel were investigated for the degradation yield of PNP in water. The affect of the loaded content of Fe3O4 and H2O2 concentration on the PNP treatment efficiency were also investigated to suggest suitable values including the Fe3O4 catalyst content loaded on CA of 0.40 g/g and the H2O2 concentration of 5.0 g/L. As the results, Fe3O4@CA reached the removal efficiency of 87.92% in 100 mins to obey the pseudo-first kinetic model with a reaction rate constant of 0.0301 min−1. This study’s finding provides a method for creating environmentally friendly catalytic material, which might be used in green chemical engineering. Display omitted •Material of Fe3O4 nanoparticles decorated on cellulose aerogel from the banana stem.•Properties and activity in p-Nitrophenol degradation of Fe3O4@CA were assessed.•Fe3O4 content and the suitable condition of the degradation have been carried out.•Fe3O4@CA enhanced Fenton degradation of p-Nitrophenol.