The evolution of Young’s modulus and damping is investigated for Czech kaolins in situ via the impulse excitation technique (IET) from room temperature to 1250 and 1400 °C. During heating the processes of drying, dehydroxylation, spinel formation, mullitization, silica release and glass melting are clearly discernible. During cooling Young’s modulus increases, exhibiting a flat maximum around 800 °C and a steep decrease below 200 °C when the cristobalite content is high. Differential IET curves are introduced as a new representation of IET results, and damping curves are shown to provide additional information. The phase composition is determined via XRD, including the glass phase. Based on the densities, Young’s moduli and volume fractions of the individual phases, the densities and Young’s moduli of the kaolin-based ceramics are calculated and compared to theoretical predictions, showing that Young’s modulus is nicely predicted by a benchmark relation for partially sintered ceramics with concave pores.