Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are considered as an attractive alternative to lithium-ion batteries. Although the vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) cathode exhibits high theoretical capacity of 589 mA h g–1 for zinc-storage, it suffers from capacity decay and sluggish Zn2+ diffusion kinetics due to the strong electrostatic interactions with Zn2+, slight dissolution in aqueous electrolytes, and low electronic conductivity. Herein, the polyaniline and alkali-earth cation (Mg2+, Ca2+) cointercalated V2O5 composites (PVO-Mg, PVO-Ca) are fabricated to boost the zinc ion storage performance of vanadium oxide cathodes. PVO-Mg exhibits an enlarged interlayer distance of 14.15 Å and a tremelliform nanoarchitecture composed of nanosheets. The intercalated polyaniline and alkali-earth cations not only expand the Zn2+ diffusion channels but also form a pillar net which can improve the structural stability and electronic conductivity of the layered structure, contributing to superior electrochemical kinetics, interfacial kinetics, and Zn2+ diffusion kinetics. Moreover, ex situ X-ray diffraction results of PVO-Mg show a nearly constant interlayer distance during the insertion and extraction of Zn2+, which indicates that polyaniline and Mg2+ firmly support the layered framework and prevent the expansion and contraction of the interlayer distance. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results of PVO-Mg reveal the highly reversible formations of Zn x (CF3SO3) y (OH)2x−y ·nH2O on the electrode surface and Zn2+ inserted PVO-Mg inside the electrode, as well as a H+ and Zn2+ insertion/extraction process during which the polyaniline serves as a H+ reservoir and a capacity contributor. Consequently, the PVO-Mg electrode exhibits high capacity (387.0 mA h g–1 at 0.5 A g–1), ultrafast rate capability (199.3 mA h g–1 at 30 A g–1), improved cycling stability, and high reversibility and would be a promising cathode for high performance AZIBs.