Just as the 3-D Euclidean space can be inverted through any of its points, the special Euclidean group SE(3) admits an inversion symmetry through any of its elements and is known to be a symmetric space. In this paper, we show that the symmetric submanifolds of SE(3) can be systematically exploited to study the kinematics of a variety of kinesiological and mechanical systems and, therefore, have many potential applications in robot kinematics. Unlike Lie subgroups of SE(3), symmetric submanifolds inherit distinct geometric properties from inversion symmetry. They can be generated by kinematic chains with symmetric joint twists. The main contribution of this paper is: 1) to give a complete classification of symmetric submanifolds of SE(3); 2) to investigate their geometric properties for robotics applications; and 3) to develop a generic method for synthesizing their kinematic chains.