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  • Pope, I; Mori, K; Abdelmaguid, M; Gelfand, J. D; Reynolds, S. P; Safi-Harb, S; Hailey, C. J; An, H; Collaboration, VERITAS; :; Bangale, P; Batista, P; Benbow, W; Buckley, J. H; Capasso, M; Christiansen, J. L; Chromey, A. J; Falcone, A; Feng, Q; Finley, J. P; Foote, G. M; Gallagher, G; Hanlon, W. F; Hanna, D; Hervet, O; Holder, J; Humensky, T. B; Jin, W; Kaaret, P; Kertzman, M; Kieda, D; Kleiner, T. K; Korzoun, N; Krennrich, F; Kumar, S; Lang, M. J; Maier, G; McGrath, C. E; Mooney, C. L; Moriarty, P; Mukherjee, R; O'Brien, S; Ong, R. A; Park, N; Patel, S. R; Pfrang, K; Pohl, M; Pueschel, E; Quinn, J; Ragan, K; Reynolds, P. T; Roache, E; Sadeh, I; Saha, L; Sembroski, G. H; Tak, D; Tucci, J. V; Weinstein, A; Williams, D. A; Woo, J

    arXiv (Cornell University), 10/2023
    Journal Article

    G106.3$+$2.7, commonly considered a composite supernova remnant (SNR), is characterized by a boomerang-shaped pulsar wind nebula (PWN) and two distinct ("head" & "tail") regions in the radio band. A discovery of very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission ($E_\gamma > 100$ GeV) followed by the recent detection of ultra-high-energy (UHE) gamma-ray emission ($E_\gamma > 100$ TeV) from the tail region suggests that G106.3$+$2.7 is a PeVatron candidate. We present a comprehensive multi-wavelength study of the Boomerang PWN (100" around PSR J2229+6114) using archival radio and Chandra data obtained from two decades ago, a new NuSTAR X-ray observation from 2020, and upper limits on gamma-ray fluxes obtained by Fermi and VERITAS observatories. The NuSTAR observation allowed us to detect a 51.67 ms spin period from the pulsar PSR J2229+6114 and the PWN emission characterized by a power-law model with $\Gamma = 1.52\pm0.06$ up to 20 keV. Contrary to the previous radio study by Kothes et al. 2006, we prefer a much lower PWN B-field ($B\sim3$ $\mu$G) and larger distance ($d \sim 8$ kpc) based on (1) the non-varying X-ray flux over the last two decades, (2) the energy-dependent X-ray PWN size resulting from synchrotron burn-off and (3) the multi-wavelength spectral energy distribution (SED) data. Our SED model suggests that the PWN is currently re-expanding after being compressed by the SNR reverse shock $\sim 1000$ years ago. In this case, the head region should be formed by GeV--TeV electrons injected earlier by the pulsar propagating into the low density environment.